PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH. Лекція з Лексикологія. Робота № 529767

Перехід до торгівельного партнера Binance

PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH

Інформація про навчальний заклад

ВУЗ:

Інші

Інститут:

Не вказано

Факультет:

Не вказано

Кафедра:

Не вказано

Інформація про роботу

Рік:

2016

Тип роботи:

Лекція

Предмет:

Лексикологія

Завантажити

Частина тексту файла (без зображень, графіків і формул):

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE UNIVERSITY PECULIARITIES OF THE USE OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH Done by I year student 2016 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….2 LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH History………………………………………………………………………………………3 Pronunciation……………………………………………………………………………...4 Vocabulary…………………………………………………………………………………5 Grammar………………………………………..………………………………………..10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….11 References………………………………………………………………………….12 INTRODUCTION The Australian English language (AusE, Aue, AusEng, en-AU) is a relatively new version of English and it is just over 200 years old. Australian English can be described as a new dialect that has developed as a result of contact between people who spoke different, mutually intelligible, varieties of English. Despite being given no official status in the Constitution, English is Australia’s de facto national language and is the first language of, and is used exclusively by, a large majority of the population. Australian English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, register, grammar and spelling. The aim of the report is to elicit linguistic peculiarities of Australian English analyzing commonly used vocabulary by contemporary Australians in everyday life such as colloquial words and expressions, exclamations, slangisms and realems. The issue of linguistic peculiarities of AusE is studied by such notable linguists as J. Bernard, J. Dixon, J. Harrington, P. Kerswill, G. Leitner, A. Mitchell, P. Trudgill, C. Yallop and others [1; 7; 8; 9]. The authors state that Australian English began in the early colony as koine, that is, a new dialect that developed as a result of contact between speakers of different but mutually intelligible forms of language. Koineisation is often complete by the second generation in the form of a unique dialect specific to a settlement and there are evidences from primary written sources that AusE was indeed firmly established by the second native-born generation of white settlers. J. Bernard refers to this dialect as ‘proto-broad’ which developed and diverged between the 1850s and 1880s, as a result of large scale immigration from Britain, into a continuum containing three identifiable accent types: Broad, General and Cultivated (the ‘Broadness Continuum’) [1]. Although evolutionary changes have occurred, these varieties can still be found in Australia and all three display properties which make them uniquely Australian. According to the 2011 census, Australia has over 432 languages including 216 Australian Indigenous languages, and 216 languages which cover the rest of the world. This is an increase of 73 languages since 2005 [2]. HISTORY Australian English was distinctly recognizable as different from British English shortly after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788. It arose from the intermingling of children of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into a major variety of English. This very first peer group would have spoken in similar ways to each other to help bind the peer group and express their group membership. This very first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation [3]. Records from the early 19th century show the distinct dialect that had surfaced in the colonies since first settlement in 1788[7], with Peter Miller Cunningham's 1827 book Two Years in New South Wales, describing the distinctive accent and vocabulary of the native-born colonists, different from that of their parents and with a strong London influence. Anthony Burgess writes that "Australian English may be thought of as a kind of fossilised Cockney of the Dickensian era" [10]. The first of the Australian gold rushes, in the 1850s, began a large wave of immigration, during which about two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrated to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. According to linguist Bruce Moore, "the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing the Australian accent was from south-east England"[7]. Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna (for example dingo) and local culture. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as kangaroo, boomerang, budgerigar, wallaby and so on have become international. Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also been influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The best-known example is the capital, Canberra, named after a local language word meaning "meeting place". Among the changes starting in the 19th century was the introduction of words, spellings, terms and usages from North American English. The words imported included some later considered to be typically Australian, such as bushwhacker and squatter[7]. This American influence continued with the popularity of American films and the influx of American military personnel in World War II; seen in the enduring persistence of such terms as okay, you guys and gee. Nowadays English is the only language spoken in the home for around 80% 0 the population. After English, the most popular arc Chinese (Cantonese or Yue Chines- a primary branch of Chinese spoken in southern China and Mandarin) that makes up 2.1% of the population, Italian (1.9%), Vietnamese (1.7%), Greek (1.4%) and Arabic (l .2%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. An indigenous language remains the main language for about 50.000 (0.25%) people. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 6,500 deaf people [2; 3; 6]. PRONUNCIATION Differences in stress, weak forms and standard pronunciation of isolated words occur between Australian English and other forms of English, which while noticeable do not impair intelligibility. The affixes -ary, -ery, -ory, -bury, -berry and -mony (seen in words such as necessary, mulberry and matrimony) can be pronounced either with a full vowel or a schwa. Although some words like necessary are almost universally pronounced with the full vowel, older generations of Australians are relatively likely to pronounce these affixes with a schwa while younger generations are relatively likely to use a full vowel. Words ending in unstressed -ile derived from Latin adjectives ending in -ilis are pronounced with a full vowel (/ɑel/), so that fertile rhymes with fur tile rather than turtle. In addition, miscellaneous pronunciation differences exist when compared with other varieties of English in relation to seemingly random words. For example, as with American English, the vowel in yoghurt is pronounced as /əʉ/ ("long 'O'") rather than /ɔ/ ("short o"); vitamin, migraine and privacy are pronounced with /ɑe/ (as in mine) rather than /ɪ/, /iː/and /ɪ/ respectively; paedophile is pronounced with /ɛ/ (as in red) rather than /iː/; and urinal is pronounced with schwa /ə/ rather than /aɪ/ ("long i"). As with British English, advertisement is pronounced with /ɪ/; tomato and vase are pronounced with /ɑː/ (as in father) instead of /eɪ/; zebra is pronounced with /ɛ/ (as in red) rather than /iː/; and buoy is pronounced as /bɔɪ/ (as in boy) rather than /buːi/. Two examples of miscellaneous pronunciations which contrast with both standard American and British usages are data, which is pronounced with /ɑː/ ("dah") as opposed to /eɪ/ ("day"); and maroon, pronounced with /oʊ/ ("own") as opposed to /uː/ ("oon"). VOCABULARY Like most cultures, Australia has its own share of slang words and expressions, metaphors, idioms, phrases and realems that distinguish its identity from oilier English speaking countries. Australians have their own styles and characters in using the language, vocabulary, pronunciation and accent. In comparison with the British English accent, it is much more nasal and less clipped. Though many American words and phrases have made their way to Australia, there are still many common expressions i typical of the Australian talk. In addition, they have their own slang words when they speak in their social groups, as well as gender-marked talk between women and men [5]; Australians also have their own colorful vernacular called strine. Strine (or Ozspeak) is Australia’s greatest creative product and is full of abbreviations, hyperbole, profanities, vulgar expressions and word-tweaking. Strine is the language of a rebellious subculture and has its origins in the Cockney (London) and Irish slang of the early convicts. The use of strine and slang words varies with the state or region. Australian sffitte consists of words and phrases which have different meanings from other English (like American or British English). It also consists of words that the Australians have either made up themselves, or they have borrowed from Aborigine words or from slang used by early settlers [4; 8]. It should be mentioned that the people’s interaction reflects in full the character of Australians who are generally informal in both their behavior and conversation. So the liberal use of slang is a feature of this informality. Slang is a casual spoken language of the country which uses humor and metaphor. It is colorful and descriptive, and generally reflects the personality and history of a country. Australian slang can be ironic and self-deprecating, but it can also be rude, crude, racist and cruel [5]. In the table below there are some examples of the popular words and expressionsused in everyday speech by Australians and their equivalents in English English: Australian English English English Bang on That’s right Bail out; blow through; choof off; pull Leave a place, get out the pin; shoot through; spear off Leave a place, get out g'day, gidday good day good day ta-ta, ooroo goodbye catch you later; check you later; cop you, seeya see you later later; Bob's your uncle; right as rain; righto mate, righto son okay, problem solved, job done come again Could you repeat that, please? come off it mate be reasonable Don’t give a rat’s Don’t care Dry up Be quiet Fair enough Okay, no problem Give me a bell; give me a buzz Ring me on the phone Good on the fang Have a good Haw a squiz: have a gander Have a look at something Knock on the head Put an end to something Slot much chop not very good On the knocker That s precisely right Onya. Оnya male Well done. From Good on Pack it in Give up on something Pull your head in Mind your own business Pop aver Come for a visit Rack off; rack off hairy legs: shove off Go away Rattle your Jags Hurry up Sydney or the hush All or nothing Take a pew Sit down That s tops; top of the wozza That's excellent, first class Veg out To do nothing What a ripper! That ’s fabulous What’s the go? What s happening? What s your game? What are you to? You little ripper! That’s fantastic! Examples of exclamations may draw a certain interest as they illustrate an openand emotional side of the Australian character: exclamations of: - approval: beaut / beauty; bonza (good / excellent); whacko; - deep shock or disappointment: bugger me dead; - surprise: crikey / crikey moses (‘Good heavens!’); Flamin’ heck; gee / gee whiz / geez; stone the crows; strewth / struth; whoops-a-daisy; - encouragement to enjoy an activity to the max: go for your life; - enthusiasm: like billy-oh ; - calling for attention: oi / oy; - disbelief: pigs bum, pig’s arse (EE rubbish!); - delight: strike a light / strike me lucky; - disgust: yuck / yucko / yucky [10]. j One of the main objects of the academic course of Area Studies are national realems, as they reflect the peculiarities of the mode of life, culture, history, traditions and customs of the certain country. The following is the selection of particular Australian realems that reflect: \ the name of the people: Aussie - Australian people; Bronzed Aussie - adescription, frequently sarcastic, of the archetypal Australian male; Dinky Di – genuine; Aussie; Joe Bloggs, Joe Blow – a person used as an example of an ordinary Aussie; norm – an average bloke, probably a coach potato; ocker(ockerdom) – a person displaying the qualities of the archetypal Australian working bloke; Pitt Street farmer (also Collins Street farmer, Queen Street farmer) - a wealthy city person with farming interests; Pongo – an Englishman, possibly derived from ‘As dry as a Pommy’s towel’; Prickle farmer – a city slicker who moves to a small farm but knows so little that he tends the prickles; squattocracy – the early landed gentry in the white settlemetry of Australia; true blue, true blue Aussie – genuine, loyal, authentically Australian; Westie - a person from the western suburbs of Sydney often viewed, unfairly, as uncultered. Whingeing Pom – an English person thought to be always criticizing and complaining about life in Australia. Now used with a degree of affection; whitefella – a non-Aboriginal person of European descent; Wog – a person of Mediterranean or Middle Eastern descent. Less derogatory than it once was but still potentially offensive; Zorba - affecctionate nickname for a person of Greek ancestry. toponomys and geographical names: The Lucky Country - a term synonymous with Australia; Land of the long weekend - Australia; Big smoke - the city, particularly used by country people; Bush capital - the nation’s capital, Canberra; Coathanger- Sydney Harbour Bridge; Double Pay - an alternative name for the posh Sydney suburb of Double Bay, based on the supposed prices charged there; Dari - Britain, Especially England; PARA - rural and regional Australia. A term bandied about by politicians, marketers, and other bullshit artists; Tassie - the island state of Tasmania; Yankeeland - the United States of America. monetary system: Aussie - the Australian dollar; bickies or bikkies - money, usually refers to someone who earns a lot of money; blow your dough - spend all your Money; cashed-up - have money in your pocket; Grey nurse - a $100 note. moolah 's in the cooler - the money is in the bank; motza, motser - a large amount of money; redback - a $20 note; stony-broke – totally without money; take someone to the cleaners – take money from someone, clean them put of money. sports and games: Aussie Rules - Australian Rules football; barmy army - English supporters of their sporting team; bench warmer - a reserve in a sporting team who spends most of the games on the bench; boomer - the name for the Australian national basketball team; Collywobbles - the nervous condition that adversely affects the Collingwood football team, and almost invariably at finals time. More generally, to (be sick in the stomach; footie (footer, footy) - football, either rugby league or Aussie Ruules; G - Melbourne Cricket Ground or MCG; Great White Shark - nickname for golfer Greg Norman. Also, incidentally, a species of shark; Grudge match - a sporting match between traditional rivals; hit and iggle - tennis or cricket played for fun rather than competition; howzat - an appeal in cricket when the bowler asks the umpire if the batsman is out; Iceberg (Bondi Iceberg)- a regular winter swimmer; kick-to-kick - people kicking a football to each other; pyjama game - one-day cricket in which the payers wear baggy, brightly colored uniforms resembling pyjamas; rah rah – rugby union supporter; rugger-bugger - a rugby union player or supporter; scalper – someone Vho buys tickets for an event, often sporting, then sells them outside the venue for a profit; sin-bin - time-out place for footballers who have broken a rule of the game; sky a ball - hit the ball into the air; stink - a flight during a football match; Thungby - rugby league football; white maggot - an Aussie Allies football umpire. Recently adapted to ‘yellow maggot’ because of a change of Uniform colour; wogball – soccer [10]. Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie (-y) to the ends of (often abbreviated) words. There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used. Examples with the –o ending include abo (aborigine - now considered very offensive), aggro (aggressive), ambo (ambulance office), arvo (afternoon), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compensation), dero (homeless person – from derelict), devo (deviant/pervert), doco(documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), ruito (fruiterer), garbo (garbage collector), gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service – compulsory military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), Salvo (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service station/gas station), smoko (smoke or coffee/tea break), thingo (thing), vejjo (vegetarian), etc. Examples of the –ie (-y) ending include aggie (student of agricultural science), Aussie (Australian), barbie (barbeque), beautie (beautiful, stereotypically pronounced and even written bewdy), bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookie (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (bricklayer), Brizzie (Brisbane – state capital of Queensland), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), cozzie (swimming costume – mostly used in New South Wales), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive), greenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), mozzie (mosquito), oldies (parents), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo – relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swaggie (swagman), trackies (track suit), truckie (truck driver), vedgie (vegetable) etc. Occasionally, a –za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are also a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), BYO (Bring Your Own restaurant, party, barbecue etc), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university), ute (utility truck or vehicle) etc[12]. GRAMMAR As with American English, but unlike British English, collective nouns are almost always singular in construction, e.g., the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shan't, the use of should as in I should be happy if ..., the use of haven't any instead of haven't got any and the use of don't let's in place of let's not, common in upper-register British English, are almost never encountered in Australian (or North American) English. River generally follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i.e., Darling River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e.g., River Thames. In South Australia however, the British convention applies—for example, the River Murray or the River Torrens. As with American English, on the weekend and studied medicine are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. Similarly, around is more commonly used in constructions such as running around, stomping around or messing around in contrast with the British convention of using about. In common with British English, the past tense and past participles of the verbs learn, spell and smell are often irregular (learnt, spelt, smelt). Similarly, in Australian usage, the toin I'll write to you is retained, as opposed to US usage where it may be dropped. While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i.e., She resigned Thursday, they are retained in Australian English, as in British English: She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i.e., Monday to Friday, as with British English, rather than Monday through Friday in American English. When saying or writing out numbers, and is inserted before the tens and units, i.e., one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practice. However Australians, like Americans, are more likely to pronounce numbers such as 1,200 as twelve hundred, rather than one thousand two hundred [11]. Omission of auxiliary have. ie. ‘I gotta go’ (I have got to go), ‘I better get going’ (I have to get going), ‘I gotta go do some work’ (I have to go and do some work). Using was instead of were when referring to past tense sentences. ‘You was there! The use of don’t instead of doesn’t ‘He don’t wanna come to the party’[12]. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Australian English has a distinctive accent and vocabulary. It contains hundreds of words and expressions unfamiliar to Americans, Brits, Canadians, South Africans and New Zealanders. That is because they are adopted from Aboriginal languages, now vanished English, Scottish or Irish dialects, and other languages which were brought to the continent by the settlers in the course of history. Also, the Australian accent is one of the main ways people recognise this variety of English, but there is definitely more than one way to speak English in Australia, and more than one type of Australian accent. English varieties in Australia share many grammatical features with Englishes elsewhere in the world, but they also have their own flair. Lots of Australian writers (Patrick White, James Clavell and many others) usedspoken Australian English in their fictional books. The most authoritative issue reflecting the peculiarities of Australian English now is Macquarie Dictionary. But in fact there is noofficial organ which would regulate the theoretical aspects of the language and its practicaluse. And that is why Australian English undergoes the impact of various factors right throughthe layer of colloquial language REFERENCES Bernard, J. R. L. (1969) On the Uniformity of Australian English, Orbis, 18, 62-73 Census Dictionary. Australia ,2011- Режим доступу: www.abs.gov.au Dale, David. The Little Book of Australia [Text] / D. Dale. - Crows Nest NSW Allen & Unwin, 2010.-261 p. - ISBN 978 1 237 211 2 Hampshire, David. Living and working in Australia [Text] / D. Hampshire. London: Survival Books Ltd, 2010. - 396 p. Hunter, Jenny. The True Blue Guide to Australian Slang [Text] / J. Hunter. Sydney: New Holand Publishers, 2004. - 126 p. - ISBN(13) 978-1-74110-192-8 McConvell P., Thiebcrger N. State of Indigenous Language Report [electroni resourse]/P. McConvell, N. Thieberger. - Режим доступ] www.environment.gov.au Moor, Bruse. Speaking our language: The Story of Australian English / Bruse Moor. – Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2008. – 221 p. Proceeding of the 10th Australia International Conference on Speech Science & Technology, December 8 to 10 / Macquarie University. – Sydney, 2004. – 231 p. The Macquarie Encyclopedia of Australian Events: Revised Edition. – Sydney: The Macquarie Library, 1997. – 760 p. Білас, Л. М. Linguistic peculiarities of Australian Englisch // Сучасні дослідження з іноземної філології : зб. наук. пр. / М-во освіти і науки, молоді та спорту України, Ужгород. нац. ун-т, Ф-т романо-герм. філології ; [відп. ред. М. П. Фабіан]. – Ужгород. – 2012. – Вип. 10. – С. 37-43. – Бібліогр.: 9 назв. При ст. прізвище авт.: L. M. Bilas. – Текст англ. . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English http://australianenglish1.narod.ru/

Лекція Лексикологія

hvaramia

29.11.2017 21:11-

Коментарі

Ви не можете залишити коментар. Для цього, будь ласка, або зареєструйтесь.

Ділись своїми роботами та отримуй миттєві бонуси!

Маєш корисні навчальні матеріали, які припадають пилом на твоєму комп'ютері? Розрахункові, лабораторні, практичні чи контрольні роботи — завантажуй їх прямо зараз і одразу отримуй бали на свій рахунок! Заархівуй всі файли в один .zip (до 100 МБ) або завантажуй кожен файл окремо. Внесок у спільноту – це легкий спосіб допомогти іншим та отримати додаткові можливості на сайті. Твої старі роботи можуть приносити тобі нові нагороди!

поділитись