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Migration Crisis
Інформація про навчальний заклад
ВУЗ:
Сумський державний університет
Інститут:
МЕХ
Факультет:
Не вказано
Кафедра:
Не вказано
Інформація про роботу
Рік:
2019
Тип роботи:
Курсова робота
Предмет:
Міжнародна політика
Частина тексту файла (без зображень, графіків і формул):
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
SUMY STATE UNIVERSITY
ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES “UAB”
Department of International Economic Relations
TERM PAPER
on the discipline “International relations and world”
on the topic “Migration crisis in EU”
Student (group МЕ-72а.ан) _____________ T.A. Perederii
Supervisor
Ph.D in Economics,
Senior Lecturer of International
Economic Relations Department _____________ T.O. Kurbatova
Sumy – 2019
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………
3
1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE MIGRATION………………….
5
1.1
The essence of international migration in the global economic system …………………………………….
5
1.2
Reasons of international migration in countries………
7
1.3
The basics of the migration crisis in Europe……………………….
10
2. THE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE..
13
2.1
Assessment of the European migration crisis……..
11
2.2
Consequences of migration for European countries……………
18
3. THE WAYS TO SOLVE THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN EU…………..
20
CONCLUSIONS….…………………………………………………………
REFERENCIES……………………………………………………………...
25
26
INTRODUCTION
Relevance of topic. Modern European states are experiencing another wave of migration that brings with it change demographics in EU countries as well the problem of integrating migrants into the relevant society. Today, European countries are faced with a huge influx of migrants out of conflicts in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Growth of illegal migration flows EU countries create economic problems and exacerbate the current crisis debt of European economies, so this problem is extremely relevant and need of more detailed study.
Research of problems of financing renewable energy projects in Ukraine is covered in a number of publications of many scientists, among them K. Melnikov, A. Fitisova, S. Tolstov, M. Ovramets, I. Yakovina, G. Lutyshyn, D. Kovalev and others. The positions of the authors are quite different: some justify the breakup the EU, others - that governments will find a way to overcome problems of migration crisis. However, all scientists are convinced that the question must be resolved.
Purpose of study is to analyze the main trends and dynamics migration processes in the context of aggravation of the migration crisis in EU countries.
In accordance with the aim of the qualification work, the following tasks were set:
to study the essence of international migration in the global economic system;
to investigate the causes and effects of the impact of international migration on countries;
to identify the foundations of the migration crisis in Europe;
to explore the effects of migration on European countries;
to offer directions to overcome the migration crisis in Europe.
Object of study is migration processes that create crises and affect the economic development of countries.
Subject of study is the migration crisis in EU.
Research methods. The following research methods were used to achieve the goals set in the paper: abstract-logical, theoretical generalization, systematic and complex approaches, factor analysis, statistical method, comparative analysis, causal analysis.
Information base of research. During writing the research paper, scientific legislative and regulatory acts in the field of migration, information material from the World Bank, the International Organization for Migration, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, International labor organizations, the International Organization for Migration, the European Commission were used.
1.THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE MIGRATION
1.1 The essence of international migration in the global economic system
Population migration plays an important role in the modern world and covers almost every country in the world. The movement of labor across borders is part of the social process of population migration - very complex in nature, varied in forms and consequences. This process is influenced by various demographic, political, socio-economic and other factors, affects the development of socio-economic systems at national, regional, national and global levels.
Moreover, today international migration is becoming an important factor in the configuration of the world economic system, so a number of problems arising from this phenomenon need to be addressed at the national level. That is why the increased interest of scientists of many specialties, including economists, to mass displacement of the population, most notably in the period of intensification of socio-economic transformations, which began in the 1990s and continues to this day, seems quite reasonable. Displacement is 0studied within different scientific approaches, but prevails economic one.
In the XXI century a global system of migration flows has been formed, covering almost all countries. Globalization processes combined with rapid changes in the global political and economic systems contributed to the intensification of world migration flows, led to the formation of a fundamentally new migration situation in the world with such important features:
unprecedented expansion of the geography of international migration;
transformation of the structure of international migration flows;
decisive importance of labor migration;
steady growth and structural "irresistibility" of illegal labor migration;
increasing the scale and expansion of the geography of forced migration;
increasing of the importance of international migration of the population in the socio-economic development of the modern world economic system;
the dual nature of modern migration policy in a developed countries.
It is difficult to draw a line between how voluntarily a person makes the decision to migrate. Thus, current research shows that both voluntary and involuntary elements can influence migration decisions [2]. For example, a decision to move from a country with high unemployment or low wages cannot be considered voluntary.
In addition, although most foreign studies of migration are about voluntary migration of people and families trying to improve their well-being, modern scholars recognize that the diversity of social, economic and natural conditions can introduce elements of coercion. Therefore, it is incorrect to emphasize that migration is the voluntary process of displacement.
According to results of sociological research, O. Ivankova-Stetsyuk distinguishes two groups of migrants, depending on the degree of their integration into another's socio-cultural environment. The first group includes migrants from "Positive" models of integration:
“Assimilation” - a migrant seeks to completely “dissolve” in the socio-cultural environment of another country;
"Diaspora" - a migrant seeks to become a full member of another socio-cultural environment, but at the same time is trying to preserve national identity;
"Transit" - a migrant is minimally integrated and the society of the host country and has a desire to improve life through a change of stay, but the desire to return to the country of departure is absent.
The second group of migrants, depending on the degree of their integration into another socio-cultural environment. It’s calling as a "Negative" models of integration. This group includes migrants with the following models of integration into the socio-cultural environment of the arrival country:
"Pendulum" - a model of integration when, despite the high level of integration into the society of another country, the migrant returns home from time to time;
"Ghetto" - a migrant has a low level of integration into a socio-cultural environment that is alien to him, is usually an illegal immigrant, works in the informal sector, but does not intend to return to the country of departure in the near term;
"Return" - a migrant does not want to stay in the country of arrival longer than is necessary to solve certain material, after which he intends to return home immediately [2].
So, a migration is a population resettlement and for the reason that different types of migration mix, it is difficult to develop a unified approach to their qualifications.
1.2 Reasons of international migration in countries
The large number of migrants and refugees entering Europe is a challenge for all EU member states. There is no single explanation for forced migration, but the prolonged conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan as well as the crises in the Horn of Africa and West Africa play an important role.
Depending on the region of origin, there are often various underlying factors, such as political, economic and social reasons as well as pull factors in the receiving countries.
Removing obstacles to free trade, increasing political, economic, social interdependence between states, which is manifested in the formation of transnational business and the international labor market, internationalization of science, education, information, unprecedented development of communications, had crucial for the dynamics and volumes of population migration. In the context of globalization, international migration is both a provocative moment and a result of global change.
Social inequality is a powerful factor in migration nationally as well as globally. Due to the development of individual countries and regions, interstate disparities in earnings and living standards remain significant. According to the World Bank, in 2018 GDP per capita in the group «The wealthiest countries» were 29 times higher than the poorest ($ 46,135 versus $ 1,602). If Qatar's GDP per capita population (in purchasing power parity) was $ 138.500 , in Singapore-$ 81.400, in Norway - $ 65.200, but in Niger-$960 , in Liberia -$ 720 [2].
Although the scale of extreme poverty has been over the last decades managed to significantly reduce. First, due to the well-being of Chinese citizens, 10.7% of the world's population is still living less than $ 1.9 per day (34.8% in 1990). In addition, due to population growth, despite the relative decline poverty, in sub-equatorial Africa, the absolute number of the extremely poor in 2017 was 100 million higher than in 1990. The half of the poorest people live in this region.
The difference in the levels of economic development determines the difference in access to proper nutrition, health care, education. 37.3% children under five in the poorest countries are malnourished. The mortality rate, which characterizes the level of health care and the epidemiological situation, is 496 persons per 100,000 live births, while in the rich countries it is only 10. Also 33% of young people aged 15-24 are illiterate in the poorest countries.
According to statistics, 52% of international migrants are male, 48% are female( Fig 1.1). Most international migrants (72%) are of working age (20–64) years.
/
Figure 1.1- The male and female who takes a part in a world migration in 2019
A significant factor in the intensification of migration is demographic disbalance. The planet's population has more than doubled over the past 55 years (3 billion in 1960 and 7.55 billion in 2018), but has grown unevenly. In sub-Saharan Africa, the population has increased 4.4 times, the Middle East and North Africa - 4 times. According to the UN forecast, in 2050 residents of sub-equatorial Africa will account for 23% of the planet's population (14% in 2018). The population of Europe and Central Asia will decline both absolutely and relative - 9% in 2050 comparing with 12% in 2018.
Migration business also includes an illegal component, that is, criminal structures involved in illegal trafficking migrants across borders, as well as human trafficking. It is estimated international experts, the revenue from this illegal activity is at least $ 10 billion a year, which is only slightly inferior to the proceeds of drug trafficking[9].
In recent years, such an ejection factor as a climate change has played a major role in the growth of migration .According to many researchers, in the future value the environmental causes of migration will only grow. However, climate change and the natural disasters are already causing to mass forced migration. According to some estimates, between 2008 and 2015, the former habitats were forced to leave 203.4 million people, or 25.4 million on average annually due to droughts, floods, desertification, devastating hurricanes, etc. Most of them moved inside own countries, however, there were many who went abroad. Most of all, the environmental situation causes migration in combination with other causes. In many cases, the pover that drives people to the search for better living conditions abroad is a consequence of environmental degradation.
Political factors of international migration are also significant. Its intensification was facilitated by the wider openness of the vast majority of states to the world, increasing demands for human rights, including to the right to freedom of movement, the activities of human rights defenders and others international organizations. Large-scale geopolitical transformations of the end of the XX century were in the same direction. Such events as the collapse of the USSR, socio-political reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union, China's opening to the outside world created opportunities international displacement for millions of people who are previously artificial were maintained by regimes within national borders.
International relations are a great importance for the development of migration processes between former colonies and metropolises, as well as interstate agreements, such as free movement, choice of location residence and employment within the European Union.
1.3 The basics of the migration crisis in Europe
Today the number one migrant in the world is occupied by Europe - about 56 million people [5]. Events in the Middle East, including the war in Syria, significantly exacerbated the refugee situation in Europe, in particular, some analysts are comparing the situation. with World War II. Among the reasons experts often refer to the current migration crisis as armed conflicts, low living standards in individual states, as well as ineffective EU policies in this area. Today is a migration сrisis is important for cooperation between states– EU Member States in the field of migration, intergovernmental cooperation, in particular intergovernmental groups, for example, the National Coordinators Group of issues of free movement of people, Special the Immigration Team, the Trevi Group, and more.
Modern European migration policy is governed by several European agreements and conventions that were adopted in the last two decades. This is the Schengen of 1985 and agreements of 1990 , Dublin Convention in 1990, Maastricht Treaty in1992 and Amsterdam Treaty in 1997 [3]. The EU's migration policy is being implemented in such political supranational institutions as the European Council; The European Commission that is developing legislative proposals; The Council of the European Union, which includes Ministers of the Interior (Council of Ministers); The European Parliament, which 2005 is endowed with the authority to accept decisions on refugee policy. Also a special role in managing the migration crisis in current conditions are played by non-governmental organizations.
Many policymakers agree that reforming the Dublin Regulation is an important step to establishing a common European asylum policy. Under the current system, the burden of responsibility falls disproportionately on entry-point states with exposed borders. In practice, however, many of these frontline countries have already stopped enforcing Dublin and allow migrants to pass through to secondary destinations in the north or west of the EU. Germany and Sweden currently receive and grant the overwhelming majority of asylum applications in the EU.
Today, however, one of the key problems remains the inconsistency between the activities of the various EU institutions, and it is important to establish ongoing communication and consultation with the EU migration between NGOs and EU governments.
The European Council is actively working to come up with new solutions that make it possible to strengthen the protection of the EU 's external borders, since more than 500 recently arrived at EU borders thousands of migrants. In particular, particular emphasis is placed on developing cooperation with Turkey a joint plan to suspend flows refugees from the territory of this country.
Also in question enhancing the protection of the EU's external borders the European Council is working to progressively establish an integrated management and control system above these borders.
Migration population an increase in its inflow in northwestern Europe began in the late 1950s - early 1960s years, and in the South - only during the 1980s. In Central European countries, such as Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, signs the migration transition has been observed since the end of the last century.
In the late 1980s - early 1990s, was the period the destruction of totalitarian regimes in Eastern Europe, the influx of refugees has increased significantly at the expense of immigrants from these countries. Above all these were ethnic minorities. Yes, Germany has accepted almost 4.5 million ethnic Germans from Poland, Romania, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation. In the 1990s, the cohort of refugees significantly expanded as a result of the war in Yugoslavia and the conflicts that followed the breakup Soviet Union.
The most powerful migration flow in 2000 is needed to name internal regional migration, first of all within the framework. Of the European Union, which was the result of active European integration processes. It has intensified significantly as a result of EU enlargement. Only in the first year after EU membership (2004), the "old" Member States left Lithuania 3.3% of working-age population, from Latvia - 2.3%, Slovakia - 1.3% and from Poland - up to 4%. Poles make up the largest group of migrants - EU citizens, second to Romanians.
The global financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 has slowed down migration processes somewhat. However, it has had a greater impact on intra-European migration, whereas immigration from outside Europe's borders have shrunk slightly. Due to increased migration, the number of immigrants in Europe (EU-28) has grown at a tremendous pace. This process has intensified in recent years. Only during in 2015, an estimated 2.4 million immigrants arrived to EU borders. Now over 54 million migrants live in the EU-28, which make up more than 10% of the population.
2. THE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE
2.1 Assessment of the European migration crisis
The twenty-first century is the century of the migrant, being global mobility a highly stratified phenomenon, from the global tourist to the undocumented employee, and from human trafficking to refugees forced to leave their country of origin because of climate changes, poverty or wars. Hence, migration is contributing to changes in structures and institutions in global political, economic and social relationships. Nowadays, its a large demographic trends in the European Union.
Europe and Asia hosted around 75 million migrants each in 2015 – 62 per cent of the total global international migrant stock combined (see Figure2.1).
/
Figure 2.1- International migrants, by major region of residence, 2000 to 2015 (millions)[6]
Usually the causes of migration to Europe were the same. Firstly, people travel from backward countries to European countries, seeking to get profitable workplace, get quality education and give it to children. Secondly, families are looking for the political overseas shelters evacuated from war zones. Mostly they go to Europe migrants from: Somalia; Albania; Nigeria; The Gambia; Iran; Pakistan; Kosovo; Mali; Afghanistan; Eritrea; Syria; numerous states of Black Africa (more than 30countries south of the Sahara Desert).
The peak of the EU migration crisis took place in 2015-2016, followed by a significant reduction in migrant flows to the region. In 2017, 205,000 illegal migrants arrived in the EU, 28% less than in 2014, which preceded the migration crisis. Compared to 2016, the reduction is 63% [2]. At the same time now in the EU countries there are already 685,000 people who are waiting to migrant (Figure 2.1).
Table 2.1-The dynamics of the number of migrants in the world in 2000-2019, thousands of people[17]
/
The most attractive for immigrants Germany, where in 2015, more than 1.5 million people arrived. To Great Britain migrated about 631,500 immigrants, to France- 363,900, Spain- 342,100, Italy-300,000 immigrants. In 17 EU countries, the outflow of population was dominated by outflow. However, from Bulgaria, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Cyprus, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Latvia and Lithuania more residents left than arrived on their territory.
/ Figure 2.2- Number of immigrants in EU countries, millions of people[9].
Today, over 54 million migrants live in the EU-28, which make up more than 10% of the population. 35.5%, or 19.1 million migrants, who from other member-states. At the same time, 35.1 million immigrants came from third countries. 14.6% of them were born in Europe, but in non-EU countries. 20.8% of migrants are natives from Asia, 16.9% - from Africa, 8.7% - from Latin America, 1.7% - from North America and 0.6% from Oceania.
Not all migrants seek help for refugees, but most need help and are forced to turn. Germany received the largest number of aid applications in 2015 – more 475,000. But in fact, more than a million people came to Germany before applying for assistance to the displaced persons. Hungary is the second largest country in asylum applications. This is due to the fact that people fled through Greece and the western Balkans. By the end of 2015, there were 177,130 applications in Hungary on asylum (Figure 2).
/
Figure 2.3-Number of applications for every 100 thousand inhabitants of the country[15].
*Source: built on: [8].
So, the migration crisis in Europe has arisen because in all the above territories have developed difficult conditions. Some countries, such as Afghanistan and Nigeria, in every sense away from each other, so people go from there for different reasons. And Iran and Pakistan, for example, are involved in a single military conflict. The most urgent and by far the most acute problem recent months in Europe are unprecedented in scale and the dynamics of the influx of refugees from Africa and the Middle East. Thousands people trying to break through the port of Calais from France to Great Britain; attack the Eurotunnel near the English Channel. Hundreds of thousands migrants are literally storming the borders of Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Hungary, in direct conflict with the local police. Some European countries (such as Hungary) are building high walls in the hope to protect from the flow of refugees, others declare the regime state of emergency (Macedonia), showing its failure to cope with the problem.
In 2018, 171,000 illegal migrants arrived in the EU via a maritime channel. It’s in twice less than in 2016, and ten less than in 2015 [5]. Libya is the main transit country for such migrants today. Among the reasons for the decline in migrants are the blocking of the "Balkan route", the introduction of maritime patrol to prevent smuggling people in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, as well as the EU agreement with Turkey.
Of course, most indicators of socio-economic development of such disadvantaged countries is far from European standards, which drives citizens to illegal migration even at the cost of one's life (Figure 1).
/
Figure 2.3.- Map of migration flows in 2018-2019to European countries.
*Source: built on: [4].
Illegal transportation of migrants has become a lucrative item criminal business - carriers charge from several hundred to several thousand euro per person to deliver refugees to Europe. At the same time often migrants are delivered on outdated, crowded, sinking vessels. One of the biggest tragedies happened on April 14, 2015 year, when the vessel collapsed with migrants heading from Libya to Italy, killing 400 people. According to the International Organization for Migration, in 2015, nearly 3,000 migrants and refugees were killed in the Mediterranean. According to IOM, in the first months of 2016, 173 761 people arrived by sea European shores, with 723 dead trying to get to Europe. Until December 10 to Greece this way arrived 153 156 people, 19 930 people in Italy, 648 people in Spain, Cyprus -27 people.
2.2 Consequences of migration for European countries
The situation in Europe is called the second “resettlement peoples ». Such large-scale migration flows affect political, economic and demographic processes of European countries. Current the situation will lead to the following major consequences [12]:
1) Labor force growth. Yes, big in Germany today demand in the labor market is used by workers with skills in the field mathematics, information technology and science. According to data, the country today is suffering from the aging and shortage of workers just in these areas. The country hopes that of the 800,000 migrants who have arrived can meet the market demand.
2) The solving problem of Europe's aging. Europe's aging population contributes to labor shortages. The growth of the workforce in the form migrants can increase fertility as a counterweight to the process aging. According to Eurostat, the lowest birth rate is observed in the countries with the largest economies - Germany, Italy and Spain.
3) Increasing the load on the economy. Despite the fact that migrants can join the ranks of workers, there are serious fears, many of the newly arrived refugees from Africa and the MiddlebEast, they have neither education nor professional skills - that is, they will become an additional burden on the economies of the host European countries.
4) Protests against immigration. In the last few years in Europe is growing anti-immigrant sentiment, and the current migration problem divided public opinion in half. Many opponents of migration have changed their views after receiving information on mortality statistics migrant children and adults who have died on the way to Europe. For many demonstrations and actions have increasingly started protest in European cities, both in support of migrants and against.
One of the reasons Europeans are negative about migrants, especially Muslims, have become terrorist attacks shook up European countries. The attacks in central Paris shocked everyone in Europe, forcing the authorities of many countries to significantly increase measures security. Terrorist action took responsibility for terrorist acts Islamist group IDIL. These events are the reason why it is rooted Europeans are increasingly beginning to fear Muslim countries.
According to statistics in Europe can be about 5 thousand jihadists trained in terrorist camps. Some participants in the Paris attacks have returned to Europe under the guise of refugees. These messages form an atmosphere of fear and aversion to refugees in European society, which opposition politicians play an active role in.
In addition to these consequences, the problem of migrants can have a significant impact a change in political life in European countries. Widespread discontent the arrival of new migrants and refugees is increasing popularity far-right parties. More recently, the far right have been associated with sad legacy of fascism, they were turned away, as from the marginalized, that was led by football fans. However, today they are the leaders who are performing at rallies with speeches on the purity of the nation, at risk of being arrested Neo-Nazi propaganda received parliamentary mandates the leading countries of Europe.
3. THE WAYS TO SOLVE THE MIGRATION CRISIS IN EU
EU countries cannot agree on a common policy on migrants and refugees. Within the European Union, separate blocs are formed with opposite interests, and states - former partners - are arguing more and more loudly.
According to the European Union Statistics Service (Eurostat), just under 581 thousand were submitted to European migration agencies in 2019. This is much less than in the midst of the migration crisis in 2015, when more than 1.2 million such statements were made. The EU's External Borders Agency (Frontex) in 2018 registered around 150,000 illegal border crossings, the lowest since 2013.
Frontex is particularly noteworthy in reducing the flow of illegal aliens across the Mediterranean to Italy, where the new government has taken a firm stance on the issue - down to a ban on vessels rescuing migrants at sea from mooring in Italian ports. According to experts, we can now speak about the end of this crisis. But the main problem is not in the number of migrants, but in the lack of common policy and solidarity.
On June 28, 2018, a summit of the European Union countries was held in Brussels. Its main theme is illegal immigration. Despite the fact that the number of new refugees to Europe is declining, European politicians require a fundamental solution to the problem in the event of a new crisis, which is considered a matter of time.
The status and rights of immigrants in the EU are regulated by the Dublin Regulation, which was first adopted in 1990 and subsequently changed several times. According to this regulation, those countries where they are registered upon arrival in the EU are formally responsible for immigrants. As a rule, these are southern countries: Italy, Greece, Balkan states. Then they can freely move around the territory of the European Union, taking advantage of the Schengen agreement.
According to the Dublin Regulation, there were introduced some idea of saving of migration crisis in EU.
One of them is to return migrants to the countries where they are registered. Formally, any state now has the right to send a refugee to the country of registration. In practice, this is rare. Firstly, there are many exceptions: for family members of those who have already settled in a particular country; for those who were able to prove that they can’t be provided with decent living conditions in the country of registration (this is not difficult when it comes to the poor countries of Southeast Europe). Secondly, strict implementation of this norm is almost impossible without the restoration of full border controls within Europe. A similar decision is popular in Germany, where a significant part of immigrants flock after they have registered at the European border.
The second idea was to introduce country quotas for migrants. Formally, quotas for refugees were introduced by the European Union during the last crisis of 2015-2016. Then several countries of Eastern Europe spoke out against the admission of foreigners. Now it is proposed to distribute not applications for admission, but live people immediately upon arrival.
Table 3.1- Calculation of refugee allocation quotas, %[10]
Country
Percentage, %
Country
Percentage, %
Austria
2.62
Germany
18.42
Belgium
2.91
Poland
5.64
Bulgaria
1.25
Portugal
3.89
Greece
1.90
Romania
3.75
Estonia
1.76
Slovakia
1.78
Italia
11.84
Slovenia
1.15
Spain
9.10
Hungary
1.79
Cyprus
0.39
Finland
1.72
Latvia
1.21
France
14.17
Lithuania
1.16
Croatia
1.73
Luxembourg
0.85
Czech Republic
2.98
Malta
0.69
Sweden
2.92
Netherland
4.53
The next way is build “landing platforms” for immigrants outside the EU. The idea is that people who are planning to seek refuge in Europe arrive at special camps called “landing platforms” where they will wait for a decision on where they will be sent next. In this case, the EU assumes responsibility for the maintenance of the camps and for the transportation of migrants. The first such camps are proposed to be built in Albania, Macedonia, and also
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