ɆȱɇȱɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈɈɋȼȱɌɂɌȺɇȺɍɄɂɍɄɊȺȲɇɂ ɇȺɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇɂɃɍɇȱȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ “ ɅɖȼȱȼɋɖɄȺɉɈɅȱɌȿɏɇȱɄȺ” ɄɈɆɉ¶ɘɌȿɊɇȱɆȿɊȿɀȱ ɆȿɌɈȾɂɑɇȱȼɄȺɁȱȼɄɂ ɞɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɪɨɛɿɬ ɡɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ “ Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿɦɟɪɟɠɿ” ɞɥɹɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ 6.050101 “ Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿɧɚɭɤɢ” Ɂɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨ ɧɚɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ³ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɬɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ” ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥʋ ___ ɜɿɞ _____________ ɪ. Ʌɶɜɿɜ – 2015 2 Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ : ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɢɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ “ Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿɦɟɪɟɠɿ” ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ 6.050101 ³Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɧɚɭɤɢ ” / ɭɤɥɚɞ.: ɘ. ȼ. Ɋɢɲɤɨɜɟɰɶ, ȯ. ȼ. Ȼɭɪɨɜ. – Ʌɶɜɿɜ, ȼɢɞɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ “ Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ”, 2015. – 80 ɫ. ɍɤɥɚɞɚɱɿ: Ɋɢɲɤɨɜɟɰɶɘȼ., ɤɬɧ., ɚɫɢɫɬ., Ȼɭɪɨɜȯȼ., ɤɬɧ., ɞɨɰ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣɡɚɜɢɩɭɫɤ: Ʌɢɬɜɢɧȼȼ., ɞɬɧ., ɩɪɨɮ. Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɢ: ȽɨɥɨɳɭɤɊ. Ɉ., ɤɬɧ., ɞɨɰ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱȼ. Ƚ., ɤɮɿɡ.-ɦɚɬɧ., ɞɨɰ. 3 ɁɆȱɋɌ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 1. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ........................... 4 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 2. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜ Ɉɋ Microsoft Windows 7............................................................................................................... 14 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 3. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ɫɬɟɤɭ TCP/IP ........................................................................................................... 23 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 4. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ Ɉɋ Linux Ubuntu ..................................................................................................................... 30 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 5. Ɋɨɛɨɬɚɭɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ NetCracker Professional ............ 36 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 6. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɨʀ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ NetCracker Professional....................................................................... 45 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 7. Ȼɚɝɚɬɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ NetCracker Professional....................................................................... 57 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 8. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜ Cisco Packet Tracer....................................................................................................................... 59 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 9. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɡɤɨɦɭɬɚɬɨɪɨɦɜ Cisco Packet Tracer....................................................................................................................... 70 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ʋ 10. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ɜ Cisco Packet Tracer....................................................................................................................... 75 ɋɩɢɫɨɤɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɯɞɠɟɪɟɥ................................................................................ 80 4 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 1. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ Ɇɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ : ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ , ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ ɫɯɟɦɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɜɦɟɪɟɠɿɡɦɚɫɤɨɸɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɡɦɿɧɧɨʀɞɨɜɠɢɧɢ . Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ Ɂɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɸ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɬɟɤɭ TCP/IP ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ IP, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ . ȼɿɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɳɨ ɨɛ ɽɞɧɭɽ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɿɜ ɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɶɦɿɠɤɿɧɰɟɜɢɦɢɜɭɡɥɚɦɢ . IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ (Internet Protocol address – IP-address) – ɰɟ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ) ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ , ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿɜɱɢɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɭɦɟɪɟɠɚɯ , ɹɤɿɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿɡɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ TCP/IP (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ). ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɌɋɊȱɊ ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶ ɞɜɿ ɜɟɪɫɿʀ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ IPv4 ɬɚ IPv6, ɚɥɟ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɨɸɽɜɟɪɫɿɹ IPv4. ɁɚɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭȱɊv4 IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɚɽɞɨɜɠɢɧɭ 32 ɛɿɬɢ, ɹɤɿɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɨɤɬɟɬɢ ( ɩɨ 8 ɛɿɬɿɜ). IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɹɤ ɭ ɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɨɦɭ (binary) ɮɨɪɦɚɬɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɿ ɡ ɤɪɚɩɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɸɜɚɱɚɦɢ (dotted decimal notation). ɍ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɿ ɤɨɠɧɢɣ ɨɤɬɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɚɡɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɭɜɿɞ 0 ɞɨ 255 ɿɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɽɬɶɫɹɜɿɞɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɨɤɬɟɬɚɤɪɚɩɤɨɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, 192.168.5.31. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɯɨɫɬɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɬɨɦɭ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚɤɥɚɫɿɜɦɟɪɟɠ (ɬɚɛɥ. 1.1). Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 1.1. Ʉɥɚɫ ɉɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɇɚɣɦɟɧɲɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ A Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0 B Ⱦɥɹɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0 C Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.0 D Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɚɞɪɟɫɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɹ) 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 E Ⱦɥɹɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ 240.0.0.0 254.255.255.255 Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɤɥɚɫɢ Ⱥ, ȼ ɬɚ ɋ. IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ 127.0.0.0 ( ɤɥɚɫ Ⱥ) ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɿɥɶɰɟɜɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ( ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɟɬɥɿ) ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ TCP/IP ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀɜɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɜɭɡɥɿ ; ɰɟɧɟɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚ , ɬɨɦɭɬɪɚɮɿɤɭɦɟɪɟɠɭɡ ɧɟʀɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ. 5 Ⱥɞɪɟɫɢ 224 ɿ ɜɢɳɟ ( ɤɥɚɫɢ D ɬɚ E) ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜɿɧɟɦɨɠɭɬɶɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɹɹɤɚɞɪɟɫɢɯɨɫɬɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ . Ⱥɞɪɟɫɢ 0 ɿ 255 ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɧɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ , ɬɨɦɭ ʀɯ ɧɟ ɜɚɪɬɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɦ. əɤɳɨ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ “ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ”, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ , ɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɿɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ. ɐɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɡɚ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɢ, ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ, ɜɢɛɪɚɧɿ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɿɜ: ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɭ Ⱥ – ɰɟ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ 10.0.0.0, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɭ ȼ – ɰɟ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɦɟɪɟɠ 172.16.0.0– 172.31.0.0, ɚɞɥɹɤɥɚɫɭɋ – ɰɟɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɦɟɪɟɠ 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.0. ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ – ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɯɨɫɬɚ , ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ( ɪɢɫ. 1.1). ɍ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ , ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɯɨɫɬɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɚ , ɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɯɨɫɬɚ , – ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɯɨɫɬɿɜɪɿɡɧɚ. Ɋɢɫ. 1.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ Ɇɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ (network mask) ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɹɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɚ ɹɤɚ – ɞɥɹ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɇɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ – ɰɟ 32- ɪɨɡɪɹɞɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ , ɩɨɞɚɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɨɤɬɟɬɿɜ ( ɩɨ 8 ɛɿɬɿɜ), ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɩɤɚɦɢ . Ɇɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɭ ( ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ) ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɢɬɢ ( ɧɚɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɤɭ) IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ IP- ɩɚɤɟɬ, ɧɚ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɯɨɫɬɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ. ɍ ɬɚɛɥ . 1.2 ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɹɤɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɞɥɹɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɯɦɟɪɟɠɤɥɚɫɿɜȺ, ȼɿɋ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 1.2. Ʉɥɚɫ Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɦɟɪɟɠ Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜ Ⱥ 255.0.0.0 28 -2=254 224-2=16777214 B 255.255.0.0 216-2=65534 216-2=65534 C 255.255.255.0 224-2=16777214 28 -2=254 ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚɡɚɜɠɞɢɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɨɞɧɟɡɬɚɤɢɯɡɧɚɱɟɧɶ : x ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ; x ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚ; x ɚɞɪɟɫɚɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ. ȱɧɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɚ ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨ, ɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ɍ ɫɯɟɦɚɯ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ, ɳɨɡɚɤɿɧɱɭɽɬɶɫɹɜɫɿɦɚɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɦɢɧɭɥɹɦɢ , ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɚɞɪɟɫɢɰɿɽʀɦɟɪɟɠɿ . ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɥɹ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ 192.168.5.35 ɡ ɦɚɫɤɨɸ 255.255.255.0, ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ 6 ɛɭɞɟɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ 192.168.5.0, ɬɨɦɭɳɨ 8 ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯɛɿɬɿɜ (ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɣɨɤɬɟɬ) ɦɚɫɤɢɽ ɧɭɥɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫ, ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɞɚɧɿ ɜɫɿɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɹɦ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɢɦ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ (broadcast address)  ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɿʀɩɚɤɟɬɿɜɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɶɭɫɿɦɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɦ , ɨɛ ɽɞɧɚɧɢɦɜɦɟɪɟɠɭ . Ɉɬɠɟ, ɹɤɳɨ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɛɚɣɬɨɦ ( ɿɧɚɤɲɟ ɤɚɠɭɱɢ, ɹɤɳɨ ɦɚɫɤɚ ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ 255.255.255.0), ɬɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɽ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɛɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ OR ɦɚɫɤɢ 0.0.0.255 ɡ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ ɽ 128.253.154.32, ɚ ɦɚɫɤɚ – 255.255.255.0, ɬɨɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɛɭɞɟɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ 128.253.154.255. Ɇɚɫɤɢ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɳɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ . 2.1, ɧɟ ɽɞɢɧɿ ɦɚɫɤɢ , ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ . ȱɧɨɞɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɬɿɥɶɤɢɧɚɞɟɹɤɿɛɿɬɢɜɨɤɬɟɬɿ . Ɉɞɧɚɤɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɿɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢɨɞɢɧɨɞɧɨɦɭɞɥɹɤɨɠɧɨɝɨɯɨɫɬɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸɜɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɿɣɦɟɪɟɠɿ . ȼ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɿ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɿɣ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ; ɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɣ ɜɭɡɨɥ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɹɤ ɩɪɟɮɿɤɫ ɞɨ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɜɭɡɥɚ . Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɢɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ . Ɉɤɪɟɦɿɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɿɦɟɪɟɠɿɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜ ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɿ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ , ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɚɞɪɟɫ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ɦɚɽ ɧɢɡɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ . ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɯ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɨɛ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜɜɨɞɧɭɥɨɝɿɱɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ. Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɞɚɽɡɦɨɝɭ: x ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ( ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, Ethernet, Token Ring); x ɩɨɞɨɥɚɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ , ɳɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ , ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ , ɚɬɚɤɨɠɫɩɪɨɳɭɽɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɸɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿɛɿɬ, ɳɨɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɚɞɪɟɫɢɯɨɫɬɚ; x ɡɦɟɧɲɢɬɢ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ, ɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɱɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɬɪɚɮɿɤ ɿ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɸɱɢɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɢɯɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɹ ( ɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɹ AND) ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢɧɚɦɚɫɤɭ: Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ> = <IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ &ɦɚɫɤɚ> Ʉɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɣɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɲɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɢɯ ɭ 32- ɪɨɡɪɹɞɧɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ . ɉɪɢɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɞɨ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ 2000 ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿɜ. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɢ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɋ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɿɣɞɭɬɶ, ɬɨɦɭ ɳɨ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 254 ɯɨɫɬɿɜ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ ȼ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ 65534 ɯɨɫɬɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ɰɟ ɡɚɧɚɞɬɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ 2000 ɯɨɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɤɥɚɫɭ ȼ, ɬɨ ɿɧɲɿ 63534 ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ , ɬɨɛɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɬɶ ɜɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ . Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɡɜ¶ɹɡɚɧɧɹɰɿɽʀɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɦɟɬɨɞɛɟɡɤɥɚɫɨɜɨʀɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ CIDR. ɍ ɦɟɬɨɞɿ ɛɟɡɤɥɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ CIDR ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɢ ȱɊ - ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɚ ɫɭɮɿɤɫɢ, ɞɨɞɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɿɬɿɜ, ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ . Ɇɟɪɟɠɿ CIDR ɿɧɤɨɥɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ 7 ɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢ “ ɫɥɟɲɯ”, ɬɨɦɭɳɨȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɸɽɬɶɫɹɜɿɞɫɭɮɿɤɫɚɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ ɫɥɟɲɭ (/). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ CIDR ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɽ ɬɚɤ : 192.168.1.0/24. ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢ “/24” ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɿ ɥɿɜɿ 24 ɛɿɬɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɚɿɧɲɿɜɿɫɿɦɛɿɬɿɜ – ɞɥɹɧɨɦɟɪɚɯɨɫɬɚ. ɍɤɥɚɫɨɜɿɣ ɫɯɟɦɿɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɚɦɟɪɟɠɚɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽɤɥɚɫɭɋ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ 1.1.ɇɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿɦɚɫɤɢɞɥɹɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɤɥɚɫɭɋ : Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɯɨɫɬɿɜ Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɚɦɚɫɤɚ 2 4 8 16 32 64 126 62 30 14 6 2 255.255.255.128 (11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000) 255.255.255.192 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) 255.255.255.224 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000) 255.255.255.240 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000) 255.255.255.248 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000) 255.255.255.252 (11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100) Ⱦɥɹɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨʀɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿɯɨɫɬɿɜɭɦɟɪɟɠɿɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ: 22nN  , ɞ ɟ n – ɤ ɿ ɥ ɶ ɤ ɿ ɫ ɬ ɶ ɞ ɜ ɿ ɣ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɯ ɪ ɨ ɡ ɪ ɹ ɞ ɿ ɜ, ɜ ɿ ɞ ɜ ɟ ɞ ɟ ɧ ɢ ɯ ɩ ɿ ɞ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɯɨɫɬɚ . Ɂɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɯɨɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɧɚ 2 ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸɜɩɨɥɿɚɞɪɟɫɜɭɡɥɿɜɤɨɠɧɨʀɡɦɟɪɟɠɚɞɪɟɫɢɰɿɽʀɦɟɪɟɠɿɬɚ ʀʀɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɨʀɚɞɪɟɫɢ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ , ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɚɮɿɤɚ , ɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ, ɡ¶ɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɛɢɬɬɹ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ. Ɂɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɟ ɪɨɡɛɢɬɬɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɦɚɫɨɤ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ . ɐɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɞɨɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿɜɭɡɥɿɜɭɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɚɬɚɤɨɠɫɩɪɨɳɭɽɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɸ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɛɿɬ , ɳɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɢɯɨɫɬɚ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɜɨɯ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚɤɢɣ: 1. ɉɟɪɟɜɟɞɿɬɶɚɞɪɟɫɢɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿɜɿɦɚɫɤɭɜɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ . 2. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ɨɛɨɯ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɨɛɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɹ AND ɧɚɞ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ ɿ ɦɚɫɤɨɸɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ. 3. Ⱦɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɿɬɶɭɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ. 4. ɉɨɪɿɜɧɹɣɬɟ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɡɪɨɛɿɬɶ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ. əɤɳɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ , ɬɨɜɭɡɥɢɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹɜɨɞɧɿɣɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɚ ɹɤɳɨɧɿ – ɭɪɿɡɧɢɯ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ 1.2.ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɱɢɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿɜɭɡɥɢ A ɿ B ɜɨɞɧɿɣɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ȱɊ- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ Ⱥ ɿ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ ȼ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɜɧɿ : 26.219.123.6 ɬɚ 26.218.102.31, ɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.192.0.0. Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪȺ: Ⱦɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ: Ⱦɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ: IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 26.219.123.6 00011010.11011011.01111011.00000110 Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 AND(2) 00011010.11000000.00000000.00000000 AND(10) 26 192 0 0 8 Ʉɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪȼ: Ⱦɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ: Ⱦɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ: IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 26.218.102.31 00011010.11011010.01100110.00011111 Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 AND(2) 00011010.11000000.00000000.00000000 AND(10) 26 192 0 0 ɉɨɜɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ Ⱥ ɬɚ ȼ , ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿ ɩɨɛɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ AND ( ɬɨɛɬɨ 26.192.0.0), ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɰɿ ɜɭɡɥɢ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ . Ɉɬɠɟ, ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɟ ɡ ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɲɥɸɡɿɜ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɚɫɤɢɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɡɚɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɦ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫ ɬɚɤɢɣ: 1. ɉɟɪɟɜɟɞɿɬɶɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɭɬɚɤɿɧɰɟɜɭ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɢɿɡɡɚɞɚɧɨɝɨɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɭɭɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿɜɢɡɧɚɱɬɟɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɱɭɱɚɫɬɢɧɭɛɿɬɿɜ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢɡɥɿɜɚ. 2. Ɂɚɩɨɜɧɿɬɶɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɱɭɱɚɫɬɢɧɭɛɿɬɿɜɨɞɢɧɢɰɹɦɢ, ɚɪɟɲɬɭɛɿɬɿɜ – ɧɭɥɹɦɢ. 3. ɉɟɪɟɜɟɞɿɬɶɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɭɚɞɪɟɫɭɭɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ 1.3. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ 172.16.65.1 – 172.16.181.254. 1) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɧɟɡɦɿɧɧɢɯɛɿɬɜɚɞɪɟɫɿ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢɡɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ: ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 172.16.65.1 10101100.00010000.00110110.00000001 ɤɿɧɰɟɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 172.16.181.254 10101100.00010000.01000001.11111110 2) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɦɚɫɤɭ: ɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 3) ɉɨɞɚɦɨɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɭɦɚɫɤɭɭɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜɿɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɿɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ : ɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.128.0 Ɉɬɠɟ, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ 172.16.65.1 – 172.16.181.254 ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ 255.255.128.0. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɿ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɿɜ ʀɯɧɿɯ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɹɤɳɨɜɿɞɨɦɿɧɨɦɟɪɬɚɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɬɚɤɢɣ: 1. ɉɟɪɟɜɟɞɿɬɶɧɨɦɟɪɿɦɚɫɤɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɭɞɜɿɣɤɨɜɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ. 2. ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɿɦɚɫɤɢɜɢɡɧɚɱɬɟɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɛɿɬ , ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɹɤɢɯɪɿɜɧɟɧɭɥɸ, ɿɩɨɡɧɚɱɬɟ ʀɯɥɿɬɟɪɨɸɄ; ɰɿɧɭɥɶɨɜɿɛɿɬɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀɜɭɡɥɿɜ; ɛɿɬɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶɡɚɧɨɦɟɪɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɪɿɜɧɿɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ. 3. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɚɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɚɞɪɟɫɦɟɪɟɠɿɪɿɜɧɚ 2Ʉ, ɚɥɟ ɡ ɰɶɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɥɿɞ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɢɬɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɭɦɟɪɟɠɿɬɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɭɚɞɪɟɫɭ , ɳɨɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹɡɭɫɿɯɧɭɥɿɜɬɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ . Ɉɬɠɟ, ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɬɢ 2Ʉ – 2. 9 4. ɓɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɛɿɬɢ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ), ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɧɭɥɶɨɜɢɦ ɛɿɬɚɦ ɭ ɦɚɫɰɿ , ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɧɭɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɿɣɩɪɚɜɢɣɛɿɬɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɜɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ . Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɛɭɞɟɩɟɪɲɨɸɡ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɢɯɚɞɪɟɫɩɟɜɧɨʀɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 5. ɓɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɛɿɬɢ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ), ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶɧɭɥɶɨɜɢɦɛɿɬɚɦ ɭɦɚɫɰɿ , ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢɨɞɢɧɢɰɹɦɢ , ɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɿɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɣ ɛɿɬ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɜ ɧɭɥɶ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɸ ɡ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɢɯɚɞɪɟɫɩɟɜɧɨʀɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ 1.4. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɹɤɳɨʀʀɧɨɦɟɪɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ 26.219.128.0, ɚɦɚɫɤɚ – 255.255.192.0. 1) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɱɢɯɛɿɬɜɚɞɪɟɫɿɬɚɦɚɫɰɿ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ: ɧɨɦɟɪɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 26.219.128.0 00011010.11011011.10000000.00000000 ɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.192.0 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 K = 14. 2) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 214 – 2 = 16382. 3) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɭɚɞɪɟɫɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 00011010.11011011.10000000.00000001 26.219.128.1 ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 4) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɤɿɧɰɟɜɭɚɞɪɟɫɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: ɤɿɧɰɟɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ: 00011010.11011011.10111111.11111110 26.219.191.254 ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 255.255.192.0 Ɉɬɠɟ, ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 26.219.128.0 ɡ ɦɚɫɤɨɸ 255.255.192.0 ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ 16382, ɚ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫ – 26.219.128.1 – 26.219.191.254. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ɿ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɿɜ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɹɤɳɨɜɿɞɨɦɿɧɨɦɟɪɬɚɦɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɬɚɤɢɣ: 1. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɦɨɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɭɦɟɪɟɠɿ (2Ʉ – 2). 2. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɭ ( ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɧɭ) ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ⱦɚɥɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɳɨ ɤɪɚɬɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɭ 2 ɿ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɟ ɹɤɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɟ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɭɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ 2N, ɞɟ N – ɤ ɿ ɥ ɶ ɤ ɿ ɫ ɬ ɶ ɛ ɿ ɬ ɿ ɜ, ɹ ɤ ɿ ɩ ɨ ɬ ɪ ɿ ɛ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɢ ɞ ɿ ɥ ɢ ɬ ɢ ɩ ɿ ɞ ɧ ɨ ɦ ɟ ɪ ɜ ɭ ɡ ɥ ɚ, ɿ ɧ ɲ ɿ ɛ ɿ ɬ ɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹɩɿɞɦɚɫɤɭ. 3. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɦɨɧɨɜɭɦɚɫɤɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 4. ɓɨɛ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢɧɚɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 10 5. ɓɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ, ɞɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɞɨɞɚɽɦɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ. Ʉɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ ɞɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɜɭɡɥɚ. ɐɸɞɿɸɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɢɫɬɿɥɶɤɢɪɚɡɿɜ, ɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɽɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ 1.5. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɋ : 212.100.54.0/24. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ ɬɚ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɰɢɯɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ , ɹɤɳɨɜɤɨɠɧɿɣɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɩɨɜɢɧɧɚɛɭɬɢ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 50. 1) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɭɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ɂ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɳɨ ɦɚɫɤɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ 24 ɨɞɢɧɢɰɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ 255.255.255.0, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɜɭɡɥɚɜɿɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ 8 ɛɿɬ, ɬɨɛɬɨɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɨɠɟɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ 28 – 2 = 254 ɜɭɡɥɢ; 2) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɧɨɜɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɳɨ ɤɪɚɬɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɭ 2 ( ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɜɭɡɥɿɜɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɽ 50). ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɱɢɫɥɨɤɪɚɬɧɟɱɢɫɥɭ 2, ɹɤɟɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɟ ɞɨ 50: 25 = 32, ɚ |50-32|=18; 26 = 64, ɚ |50-64|=14. ȼɢɯɨɞɹɱɢɡɰɶɨɝɨ, ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɦɱɢɫɥɨɦ, ɳɨɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸɽ 26 = 64. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɜɢɦɨɝɚ, ɳɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ : 50 < (26 = 64) ” 254. ȼɢɯɨɞɹɱɢɡɰɶɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹɧɨɦɟɪɚɜɭɡɥɚɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ 6 ɛɿɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɳɨɽɫɬɟɩɟɧɟɦɞɜɿɣɤɢ ), ɬɨɦɭɦɚɫɤɭɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢɧɚ 2 ɛɿɬɚ – ɡ 24 ɞɨ 26 ɛɿɬ. 3) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ: 254 : 64 = 4. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɥɢ 4 ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 4) ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢɩɿɞɦɚɫɤɭɜɿɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ 26 ɛɿɬɿɜ, ɬɨɜɨɧɚɛɭɞɟɦɚɬɢɬɚɤɢɣɜɢɝɥɹɞ: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000, ɬɨɛɬɨ 255.255.255.192. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɞɨɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɬɢɦɟ 64. ɌɨɞɿɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɜɫɿɯɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɛɭɞɭɬɶɬɚɤɿ: 1) 212.100.54.0 – 212.100.54.63; 3) 212.100.54.128 – 212.100.54.191; 2) 212.100.54.64 – 212.100.54.127; 4) 212.100.54.192 – 212.100.54.255. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽɦɨ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.255.192, 64 ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɿ 4 ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ɏɿɞɪɨɛɨɬɢ 1. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɱɢɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿɜɭɡɥɢ A ɿ B ɜɨɞɧɿɣɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 2. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚ ʀʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɨɸ. 3. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɦɚɫɤɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɳɨɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɦɭɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɭ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫ. 4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɋ. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɚɫɤɭ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɿɚɩɚɡɨɧɢȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠ. 11 ȼɚɪɿɚɧɬɢɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ʋɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ʋ ɡɩ 1 2 3 4 1 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 94.235.16.59; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 94.235.23.240; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.240.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 192.168.1.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.255.0 119.38.0.1 – 119.38.255.254 192.210.10.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 70 2 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 131.189.15.6; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 131.173.216.56; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.248.0.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 110.56.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.248.0.0 75.96.0.1 – 75.103.255.254 193.115.2.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 30 3 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 215.125.159.36; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 215.125.153.56; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.224.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 88.217.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.128.0 48.192.0.1 – 48.255.255.254 194.78.120.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 100 4 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 47.154.1.71; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 47.154.13.240; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.248.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 195.5.5.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.255.192 19.83.0.1 – 19.83.255.254 200.57.127.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 20 5 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 145.19.10.16; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 145.73.112.36; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.252.0.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 53.109.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.224.0.0 16.46.0.1 – 16.53.255.254 197.20.55.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 250 6 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 192.168.72.236; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 55.115.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 84.192.0.1 – 84.224.255.254 198.37.61.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 33 12 ʋɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ʋ ɡɩ 1 2 3 4 192.168.253.14; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.192.0. 255.255.255.0 7 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 14.74.19.171; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 14.74.10.24; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.224.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 199.99.11.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.255.224 39.94.0.1 – 39.94.255.254 199.42.111.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 80 8 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 161.119.210.61; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 161.178.12.136; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.254.0.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 10.81.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.252.0.0 25.36.0.1 – 25.113.255.254 200.192.91.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 61 9 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 198.225.19.145; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 198.225.13.12; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.240.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 71.127.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.192.0 54.192.0.1 – 54.240.255.254 201.168.72.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 25 10 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 27.90.66.123; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 27.90.88.211; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.192.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 203.18.10.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.192.0 95.8.0.1 – 95.8.255.254 202.151.168.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 15 11 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 172.16.92.5; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 172.207.73.209; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.240.0.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 61.93.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.254.0.0 65.16.0.1 – 65.96.255.254 203.134.83.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 94 12 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 211.5.63.42; ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 16.94.0.0, 61.192.0.1 – 61.248.255.254 204.127.98.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 42 13 ʋɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ʋ ɡɩ 1 2 3 4 IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 211.5.98.73; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.248.0. ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.224.0 13 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 11.12.93.68; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 11.12.240.51; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.252.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 220.145.74.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.224.0 122.156.0.1 – 122.156.255.254 205.73.16.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 47 14 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 128.111.34.78; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 128.222.86.132; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.224.0.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 125.156.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.240.0.0 11.12.0.1 – 11.74.255.254 206.192.119.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 49 15 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȺ: 223.255.36.57; IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚȼ: 223.192.81.155; Ɇɚɫɤɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.252.0. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 37.59.0.0, ɦɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ: 255.255.248.0 12.192.0.1 – 12.252.255.254 207.54.189.0/24 Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ a 97 Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ 1. ɉɨɹɫɧɿɬɶɩɨɧɹɬɬɹɦɚɫɤɢɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ. 2. ɓɨɬɚɤɟɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ? 3. ɇɚɜɿɳɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚ ? 4. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɚɞɪɟɫɢɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ? 5. Ⱦɚɣɬɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ “ ɤɥɚɫɨɜɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿɹ”. 6. ɍɱɨɦɭɩɨɥɹɝɚɽɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶɦɟɬɨɞɭɛɟɡɤɥɚɫɨɜɨʀɚɞɪɟɫɚɰɿʀ CIDR? 7. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɪɨɡɛɢɬɬɹɧɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ? 14 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 2. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀɦɟɪɟɠɿɜɈɋ Microsoft Windows 7 Ɇɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ : ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪ ɞɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɢɧɚɜɢɱɤɢɜɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ . Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɜ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɞɪɚɣɜɟɪ, ɹɤɚɽɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɤɨɦɦɿɠɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɸɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɽɦ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɽ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɭɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭɪɟɽɫɬɪɿ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɡ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ( Ɉɋ) Windows 7 ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɣɫɬɪɿɜ ɜ Ɉɋ Windows 7 ɦɨɠɧɚ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ , ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ IRQ, ɚɞɪɟɫɭɩɚɦ ɹɬɿɬɚɩɨɪɬɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ (I/O). ȼɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ – ɧɚɛɨɪɭɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɛɦɿɧɭɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸɦɿɠɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɦɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – TCP/IP) – ɰɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ. ȼɿɧ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɯ, ɚ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ Windows 7 ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ. Ʉɨɠɧɢɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ TCP/IP ɦɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ. Ȼɟɡ ɧɟʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɧɟɦɨɠɟɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɢɚɛɨɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ TCP/IP v.4 ɬɚ v.6. ȼ TCP/IP v.4 IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ- ɽɬɶɫɹɡɞɜɨɯɱɚɫɬɢɧ. ɉɟɪɲɚɱɚɫɬɢɧɚɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɞɨɹɤɨʀɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɨɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪ , ɚɞɪɭɝɚ – ɞɥɹɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀɫɚɦɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɿɜ , ɤɨɠɟɧ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɦɚɬɢ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ. ɋɩɨɫɿɛ, ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɸ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ, ɨɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɧɚɡɜɭ ȱɊɚɥɿɚɫɿɧɝ. ȼɚɪɬɨ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɢɬɢ , ɳɨ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɦ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦ ( ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ) ɩɪɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɞɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɦɢɥɨɤ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɡɿɣ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ɇɚɫɤɚ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿ TCP/IP v.4 ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ , ɚ ɜ TCP/IP v.6 – ɜɿɫɿɦ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ TCP/IP v.4 ɦɚɫɤɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ 255.x.y.z, ɞɟ ɯ, ɭ ɬɚ z – ɰɿɥɿɱɢɫɥɚɜɿɞ 0 ɞɨ 255; ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, 255.255.255.0. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ ɲɥɸɡɚ (gateway address) – ɰɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ , ɹɤɢɣ ɽ ³ɲɥɸɡɨɦ” ɭ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɫɜɿɬ , ɬɨɛɬɨ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿɜ , ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɡɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ . ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ , ɳɨɛ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ 15 ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɜɢɯɨɞɢɥɚɡ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɢɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɡɚɦɿɧɨɸɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯɝɪɭɩɰɢɮɪ . ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɹɤɳɨ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɽ 128.253.154.32, ɬɨɚɞɪɟɫɚɲɥɸɡɚɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ 128.253.154.1. Ⱥɥɟɬɚɤɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɹɧɟɽɨɛɨɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ. ɒɥɸɡ ( g a t e w a y ) – ɰ ɟ ɤ ɨ ɦ ɩ ɸ ɬ ɟ ɪ, ɳ ɨ ɡ ¶ ɽ ɞ ɧ ɭ ɽ ɞ ɜ ɿ ɪ ɿ ɡ ɧ ɿ ɦ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɠ ɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɶ ɦɿɠ ɰɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢ . Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɯȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶɦɟɪɟɠɦɚɸɬɶɽɞɢɧɢɣɲɥɸɡɭ “ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɫɜɿɬ”. ɉɪɨɬɟɜɞɟɹɤɢɯɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɦɟɪɟɠɚɡ¶ɽɞɧɭɽɬɶɫɹɡɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢ, ɤɨɠɧɚɡɹɤɢɯɦɚɽɫɜɿɣɲɥɸɡ. ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ɿɦɟɧ ( N a m e s e r v e r – N S ) – ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɿɦ ɹ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ ɜ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ , ɿ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɦɿɫɰɟɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɜɦɟɪɟɠɿȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ . Ȼɭɞɶɹɤɟɡɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹɭɦɟɪɟɠɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɞɨɦɟɧɧɢɯɿɦɟɧ (Domain Name System – DNS) ɞɚɽɡɦɨɝɭɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɹɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɭ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɭ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɧɚɡɜɭ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, PC-01, ɚ ɧɟ 192.168.54.118). ɍ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚɯ DNS ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɯ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɣ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ ɯɨɫɬɚ (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – DHCP). ɐɟ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɫɶɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ . ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ DHCP ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɦɚɫɤɢ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ . əɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ DHCP ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ , ɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɪɭɱ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ: x ɿɦ¶ɹɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ, ɹɤɟɦɚɽɛɭɬɢɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɟɜɦɟɠɚɯɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨʀɦɟɪɟɠɿ; x ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ( ɞɨɦɟɧ), ɧɚɡɜɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿɜ; x ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ( ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɲɥɸɡ ( ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ) ɬɚ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɢ (ɡɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ)). Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɜ Ɉɋ Microsoft Windows 7. ɇɚ ɩɿɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɿ Ɇɿɣ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪ ɜɢɤɥɢɱɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɬɚ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɠ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɣɬɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɞɿʀ : ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ o ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɚ o ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ . ɍ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ȱɦ¶ɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ, ɿɦ¶ɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɬɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ  ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ Ɂɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɪɢɫ. 2.1). 16 Ɋɢɫ. 2.1. ȼɿɤɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȼɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɤɧɨ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.2), ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢɧɚɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɭ ȱɦ¶ɹɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ . Ɍɭɬɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹɿɦ¶ɹɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɬɚ ɣɨɝɨɪɨɛɨɱɚɝɪɭɩɚɚɛɨɞɨɦɟɧ. Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ȼɿɤɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ: ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɿɦɟɧɿɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. ȼɿɤɧɨɡɦɿɧɢɿɦɟɧɿ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɚɛɨɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɓɨɛ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɰɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɨɛɢɞɜɚ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Ɂɦɿɧɢɬɢɿɭɜɿɤɧɿ Ɂɦɿɧɚɿɦɟɧɿɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɚɛɨɞɨɦɟɧɭ ɪɢɫ. 2.3) ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɿɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. 17 ɉɿɫɥɹɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɢɬɢɈɋ, ɳɨɛɧɨɜɿɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɩɨɱɚɥɢɞɿɹɬɢ. Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɜ Ɉɋ Microsoft Windows 7. ɇɚ ɩɿɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ Ɇɟɪɟɠɚ ɜɢɤɥɢɱɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɬɚ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿɚɛɨɠɜɢɤɨɧɚɣɬɟɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿɞɿʀ: ɉɚɧɟɥɶɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ oɆɟɪɟɠɚɬɚȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ oɐɟɧɬɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4), ɭɥɿɜɿɣɱɚɫɬɢɧɿɰɶɨɝɨɜɿɤɧɚɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɩɭɧɤɬ Ɂɦɿɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ . ȼɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɤɧɨ Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɫ. 2.5), ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭɛɭɞɭɬɶɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿɜɫɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɞɚɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ . Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. ȼɿɤɧɨɰɟɧɬɪɭɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢɬɚɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ Ⱦɥɹɩɟɜɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɜɢɤɥɢɱɬɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟɦɟɧɸɬɚɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.6) ɡɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽɦɨ “ Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) ” ɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɤɚɽɦɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ȼɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɤɧɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ TCP/IPv4 ( ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɚ). Ɂɜɟɪɧɿɬɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɰɿ Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɤɚɱɿ “ Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ” ɬɚ “ Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ”, ɳɨɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɦɭɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɬɶɩɟɪɲɢɣɩɟɪɟɦɢɤɚɱɭɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ “ ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɬɚɤɭȱɊ - ɚɞɪɟɫɭ”, ɜɜɟɞɿɬɶ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ . Ɂɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɜɤɚɠɿɬɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɸɡɭ . Ⱦɪɭɝɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɤɚɱ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ “ ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ” ɿ ɜɜɟɞɿɬɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɞɜɨɯ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.7 ɛ). ɇɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ ɫɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ , ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ – ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ. 18 Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. ȼɿɤɧɨɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɚ) ɛ) Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ TCP/IPv4: ɚ) ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɛ) ɪɭɱɧɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ȱɧɤɨɥɢ ɡ¶ɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ, ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɱɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ( ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ). Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɤɧɨɩɤɭ ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɿɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.8). Ⱦɚɥɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Ⱦɨɞɚɬɢ, ɭɧɨɜɨɦɭɜɿɤɧɿɜɢɛɪɚɬɢɚɛɨɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɩɟɜɧɢɣɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ. ɉɿɫɥɹɜɫɿɯɰɢɯɞɿɣɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɛɭɞɟɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ . 19 Ɋɢɫ. 2.8. ȼɢɛɿɪɬɢɩɭɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ Ɋɢɫ. 2.9. ȼɿɤɧɨɫɬɚɧɭɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɓɨɛ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨ ɜɢɦɤɧɭɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɜɢɦɤɧɭɬɢɣɨɝɨɩɪɚɩɨɪɟɰɶɭɜɿɤɧɿɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.6) ɿɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɜɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɹ – ɭɜɿɦɤɧɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɩɨɪɟɰɶ ɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ. ɓɨɛ ɜɢɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ , ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.6) ɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ȼɢɥɭɱɢɬɢ, ɩɿɫɥɹɱɨɝɨɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ. ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɡ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ ɫɥɿɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ (ɪɢɫ. 2.9). Ⱦɥɹɰɶɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢɬɚɤɿɞɿʀ: 1. ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɿɤɧɨ Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ( ɪɢɫ. 2.4), ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɿɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɡɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ. 2. ɇɚ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɦɭ ɡ ɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɋɬɚɧ ɚɛɨ ɠ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɞɿʀ: ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ oɆ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɠ ɚ ɬ ɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ o ɐɟɧɬɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɪɢɫ. 4), ɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿ ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ  ɜɢɛɪɢɬɢ Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɩɨɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɿɣɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɿɞɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ TCP/IP- ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɤɚ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶɫɹɡɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɤɚɿɧɟɦɚɸɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ TCP/IP- ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɚ ipconfigɬɚ ping. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ ipconfig ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɠɧɟ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɟ ɡ ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.10). ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ipconfig: ipconfig [/all] [/renew [ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ]] [/release [ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ]] /flushdns] [/displaydns] [/registerdns] [/showclassid ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ] [/setclassid ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ [ɤɨɞBɤɥɚɫɭ]] 20 Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 2.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ipconfig ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ /all – ɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ TCP/IP ɩɪɨ ɜɫɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɢ; /renew [ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ] – ɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ DHCP ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɿɜ; /release [ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ] – ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ DHCP ɬɚ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɞɥɹɜɫɿɯɚɛɨɞɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɨɝɨɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ; /flushdns – ɨɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɦɿɫɬɭ ɤɟɲɭ ɫɩɿɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɦɟɧ DNS-ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; /displaydns – ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɦɿɫɬɭ ɤɟɲɭ ɫɩɿɜɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɦɟɧ DNS-ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ; /registerdns – ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ, ɡɚɞɚɧɢɯɜɪɭɱɧɭɿɦɟɧ DNS ɬɚȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ, ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɢɯɧɚɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿ. Ⱦɥɹɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ipconfig ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢɬɚɤɿɞɿʀ: 1. ɉɭɫɤĺȼɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ, ɜɜɟɫɬɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ cmdɬɚɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ. 2. ɍ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɚ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ipconfig ɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɤɥɚɜɿɲɭ Enter. Ɋɢɫ. 2.10. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ipconfig ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ipconfig ɛɟɡ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɢ . ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɰɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɡɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ (ɬɚɛɥ. 2.1), ɦɨɠɧɚɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢɬɚɤɿɡɚɞɚɱɿ: x ɪɨɡɛɥɨɤɭɜɚɬɢ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ, ɳɨɛ ɜɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɚɛɨɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ; 21 x ɜɿɞɧɨɜɢɬɢ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɢɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ; x ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɹɤɢɦɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹɤɥɿɽɧɬ. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ ping ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɟɯɨɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɭɡɨɥ , ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɱɢ ɬɚɤɢɦɱɢɧɨɦɣɨɝɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶɱɢɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶɭɦɟɪɟɠɿ (ɪɢɫ. 2.11). ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ping: ping [-t] [-a] [-n ɱɢɫɥɨ] [-l ɪɨɡɦɿɪ] [-f] [-ɿ TTL] [-v TOS] [-r ɱɢɫɥɨ] [-s ɱɢɫɥɨ] [[-j ɫɩɢɫɨɤBɜɭɡɥɿɜ] | [-k ɫɩɢɫɨɤBɜɭɡɥɿɜ]] [-w ɿɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ] ɫɩɢɫɨɤBɪɨɡɫɢɥɤɢ ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ pingɩɨɞɚɧɿɭɬɚɛɥ. 2.2. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 2.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ping ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɉɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ -t ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɭɡɨɥ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ; -a ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɚɞɪɟɫɡɚɿɦɟɧɚɦɢɜɭɡɥɿɜ; -n ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɡɚɩɢɬɿɜ, ɳɨɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ; -l ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɛɭɮɟɪɚɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɤɢ; -f ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɚɩɨɪɚ , ɳɨ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɹɽ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ; ɿ TTL ɡɚɞɚɧɧɹɱɚɫɭɠɢɬɬɹɩɚɤɟɬɚ (ɩɨɥɟ "Time To Live"); -v TOS ɡɚɞɚɧɧɹɬɢɩɭɫɥɭɠɛɢ (ɩɨɥɟ "Type Service"); -r ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɞɥɹɜɤɚɡɚɧɨʀɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿɜ; -s ɱɢɫɥɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɱɚɫɭɞɥɹɜɤɚɡɚɧɨʀɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿɜ; -j ɫɩɢɫɨɤBɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣɜɢɛɿɪɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦɜɭɡɥɿɜ; -k ɫɩɢɫɨɤBɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɢɣɜɢɛɿɪɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɡɚɫɩɢɫɤɨɦɜɭɡɥɿɜ; -w ɿɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɿɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɤɨɠɧɨʀɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɿɜɦɿɥɿɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɛɿɧɚɰɿɹ ɤɥɚɜɿɲ < Ctrl>+<Break>, ɚ ɞ ɥ ɹ ɡ ɚ ɜ ɟ ɪ ɲ ɟ ɧ ɧ ɹ – <Ctrl>+<C>. Ɋɢɫ. 2.11. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Ping 22 ɏɿɞɪɨɛɨɬɢ 1. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢɮɿɡɢɱɧɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɡɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɸɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ . 2. ȼɜɟɫɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ: ɿɦ¶ɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ, ɧɚɡɜɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɹɤɧɚɡɜɭɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɝɪɭɩɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɧɚɡɜɭɫɜɨɽʀɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ ). 3. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IPv4, ɜɢɦɤɧɭɜɲɢ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ , ɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ : ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ 192.168. YYY.11, ɞɟ YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.255.0. 4. ɍɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɦɭɪɹɞɤɭɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɜɫɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ . 5. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɢ , ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢ ʀɦ ɿɦɟɧɚ , ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɭ ɧɚɡɜɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ (192.168. YYY.ZZZ, ɞɟ YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ , ZZZ=12,13 ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ), ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɭ (255.255.255.0). 6. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢɟɯɨɩɚɤɟɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶɪɿɡɧɢɯɜɭɡɥɿɜɦɟɪɟɠɿ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ 1. ɓɨɬɚɤɟ “ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ”? 2. ɓɨɬɚɤɟ “ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ” ɿɡɹɤɢɯɱɚɫɬɢɧɜɨɧɚɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ? 3. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ “ ɦɚɫɤɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ”? 4. ɍɱɨɦɭɩɨɥɹɝɚɽɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɫɥɭɠɛɢ DNS? 5. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ DHCP? 6. ɍɹɤɢɯɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɦɨɠɟɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɢɪɨɛɨɱɿɣɝɪɭɩɿ, ɚɤɨɥɢɞɨɦɟɧɭ? 7. əɤ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɿɜ , ʀɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ? 8. əɤɢɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ Ɉɋ Windows 7 ɡɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ? 9. əɤɿɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ TCP/IP-ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ? 10. əɤɿɬɢɩɢɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜɦɨɠɧɚɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɜɈɋ Windows 7? 23 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 3. Ⱦɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɪɨɛɨɬɢɬɚɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜɫɬɟɤɭ TCP/IP Ɇɟɬɚɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɹɡɮɚɣɥɚɦɢɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ , ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɢɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ TCP/IP, ɭɬɢɥɿɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɚ , ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢʀɯɧɶɨɝɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɇ ɚ ɛ ɿ ɪ ɩ ɪ ɨ ɬ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɿ ɜ T C P / I P ɡ ɚ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɜ ɭ ɸ ɬ ɶ ɭ ɦ ɟ ɪ ɟ ɠ ɚ ɯ ɧ ɚ ɛ ɚ ɡ ɿ Ɉ ɋ U N I X , ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠɭɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɣɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɿɣɦɟɪɟɠɿȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ . Ⱦɥɹɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɯ ɮɚɣɥɿɜ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ , ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, Ɉɋ Windows ɏɊɜɫɿɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɿɮɚɣɥɢɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɦɨɠɧɚɡɧɚɣɬɢɜ ɭɤɚɬɚɥɨɡɿ Windows\System32\Drivers\etc. Ⱦɨɮɚɣɥɿɜɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶɬɚɤɿɮɚɣɥɢ: 1. Hosts. 2. Services. 3. Networks. 4. Protocol. ɍ ɮɚɣɥɿ Hosts ɡɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɠ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿɜ. ɐɟɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɣɮɚɣɥ, ɹɤɢɣɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɪɹɞɤɢɬɚɤɨɝɨɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ: <IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ> <ɧɚɡɜɚɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ> ɍɮɚɣɥɿ Servicesɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɿɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿɦɿɠɧɚɡɜɨɸɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ , ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɭ, ɬɚɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɪɹɞɤɚɞɥɹɰɶɨɝɨɮɚɣɥɚɬɚɤɢɣ: <service name> <port number>/<protocol> [aliases...] [#<comment>] ɞɟ service name – ɧɚɡɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ , port number – ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɪɬɭ , protocol – ɧɚɡɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ (tcp ɚɛɨ udp), aliases – ɫɢɧɨɧɿɦɢ ɞɨɧɚɡɜɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ. əɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɪɬɢɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɿɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɦɢ. Ɏɚɣɥ Networks ɡɚɞɚɽ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɠ ɿɦ¶ɹɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɪɹɞɤɚɰɶɨɝɨɮɚɣɥɚɬɚɤɢɣ: <network name> <network number> [aliases...] [#<comment>] ɞɟ network name – ɧɚɡɜɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , network number – IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , aliases – ɫɢɧɨɧɿɦɢɞɨɿɦɟɧɿɦɟɪɟɠɿ. ɍ ɮɚɣɥɿ Protocol ɡɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿɦɿɠɧɚɡɜɨɸɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɬɚɣɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢɦɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɪɹɞɤɚɰɶɨɝɨɮɚɣɥɚɬɚɤɢɣ: <protocol name> <assigned number> [aliases...] [#<comment>] ɞɟ protocol name – ɧɚɡɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ , assigned number – ɱɢɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ, aliases – ɫɢɧɨɧɿɦɢɞɨɧɚɡɜɢɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ. Ʉɪɿɦɮɚɣɥɿɜɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ, ɜɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ Microsoft Windows ɞɥɹ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ɍɬɢɥɿɬɚ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɚ Netsh ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢ, ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ , ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɿʀɜ, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ ɝɪɭɩɭɤɨɦɚɧɞɭɩɚɤɟɬɧɨɦɭɪɟɠɢɦɿɧɚɩɟɜɧɨɦɭɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿ . 24 Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɢ Netsh ɞɥɹ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ IP ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ TCP/IP ( ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ, ɚɞɪɟɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯɲɥɸɡɿɜ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ DNS ɬɚɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ WINS), ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ netsh interface ipɦɚɽɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɿɞɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɡɹɤɢɯɬɚɤɿ: x set address  ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɸɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ; x add address  ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢɬɚɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨɲɥɸɡɚɞɥɹɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɡɿɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɸɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ; x delete address  ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɸɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɡɿɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɸɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ; x set dns  ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ DNS ɞɥɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ; x add dns  ɞɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ DNS ɭ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ DNS ɞɥɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ; x delete dns  ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ DNS ɿɡ ɫɩɢɫɤɭɞɥɹɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɚɛɨɜɫɿɯɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɭɪɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ set address. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: netsh interface ip set address [name =] ɿɦ¶ɹBɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ [source =] (dhcp | static [addr =] IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ [mask =] ɦɚɫɤɚBɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ [gateway =] (none | ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣBɲɥɸɡ [[gwmetric =] ɦɟɬɪɢɤɚBɲɥɸɡɚ])) ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ set address: [name =] ɿɦ¶ɹBɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ – ɨɛɨɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ. ȼɤɚɡɭɽ ɿɦ ɹ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ , ɞɥɹ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɬɚ ɲɥɸɡ . Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɿɦ¶ɹBɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɚɽɡɛɿɝɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɿɦ ɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ , ɳɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ©Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ». əɤɳɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɿɦ¶ɹBɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɢ, ɣɨɝɨɫɥɿɞɛɪɚɬɢ ɜɥɚɩɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ "Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɟɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ"); [source =] (dhcp | static [addr =] IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ [mask =] ɦɚɫɤɚBɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ [gateway =] (none | ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣBɲɥɸɡ [[gwmetric =] ɦɟɬɪɢɤɚBɲɥɸɡɚ])) – ɨɛɨɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ . ȼɤɚɡɭɽ, ɱɢ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ DHCP ɱɢ ɜɨɧɚ ɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ . əɤɳɨ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ, ɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɚɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɚɫɤɚBɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ. Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ , ɱɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɣɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣɲɥɸɡ (ɹɤɳɨɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ), ɚɛɨɠ ɡɚɞɚɬɢɣɨɝɨɞɥɹɰɿɽʀɚɞɪɟɫɢ . əɤɳɨɲɥɸɡɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɢ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣBɲɥɸɡ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɲɥɸɡɚ , ɳɨ 25 ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɦɟɬɪɢɤɚBɲɥɸɡɚɡɚɞɚɽɦɟɬɪɢɤɭɲɥɸɡɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɳɨɛ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɡ ɿɦ ɹɦ Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ , ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ 10.0.5.99, ɦɚɫɤɨɸ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.255.0 ɬɚɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɲɥɸɡɨɦ 10.0.5.1, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢɬɚɤɭɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ: netsh interface ip set address name=" Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɸ" source=static addr=10.0.5.99 mask=255.255.255.0 gateway=10.0.5.1 gwmetric Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ Arp ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɿʀ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɭ MAC-ɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɹɤɿɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ARP. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: arp -a [inet_addr] [-N [if_addr]] arp -d inet_addr [if_addr] arp -s inet_addr ether_addr [if_addr] ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Arp: -a  ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɜɫɸɬɚɛɥɢɰɸɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ARP. əɤɳɨɜɤɚɡɚɧɚ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ inet_addr,ɬɨɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹɥɢɲɟɩɪɨɧɟʀ; inet_addr  IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ; -N  ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɪɹɞɤɢɬɚɛɥɢɰɿɥɢɲɟɞɥɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ , ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨɡɚɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ if_addr; if_addr  IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚɨɞɧɨɝɨɡɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ; -d  ɡɧɢɳɭɽ ɪɹɞɨɤ ɭ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ , ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ inet_addr; -s  ɞɨɞɚɽɪɹɞɨɤɞɨɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ , ɩɨɜ¶ɹɡɭɸɱɢ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɭ inet_addr ɡ MAC-ɚɞɪɟɫɨɸ ether_addr . MAC- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɲɿɫɬɶ ɲɿɫɬɧɚɞɰɹɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɬɢɪɟ; ether_addr  MAC-ɚɞɪɟɫɚ. ɍɬɢɥɿɬɚ Tracert ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɲɥɹɯ ɞɨ ɯɨɫɬɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ, ɜɢɜɨɞɹɱɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɿɜɲɥɹɯɨɦɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɧɧɹ ICMP-ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜɡɿɡɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɢ TTL. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j computer-list] [-w timeout] target_name ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Tracert: -d  ɧɟɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɧɚɡɜɯɨɫɬɿɜɱɟɪɟɡ DNS; -h maximum_hops  ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿɜ; -j computer- list  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɢɯ ɯɨɫɬɿɜ ( ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ, ɪɨɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɢɯɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ); -w timeout  ɡɚɞɚɽɱɚɫɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɭɦɿɥɿɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɯ; 26 target_name  ɚɞɪɟɫɚɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɨɝɨɯɨɫɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ Netstat ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɶɞɥɹɪɿɡɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ɬɚ TCP ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p protocol] [-r] [interval] ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Netstat: -a  ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɜɫɿɧɚɹɜɧɿɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɬɚɩɨɪɬɢ; -e  ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ Ethernet; -n  ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɿ; -s  ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɶɭɪɨɡɪɿɡɿɨɤɪɟɦɢɯɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ; -p protocol  ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ; -r  ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɜɦɿɫɬɬɚɛɥɢɰɿɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ; interval  ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɰɢɤɥɿɱɧɨ , ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɭ ɜ intervalɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶɫɟɤɭɧɞ. Ɂɭɩɢɧɤɚ – <CTRL>+<B>. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ Hostname ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɫɬɚ . ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: hostname Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ Route ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɹɦɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ . ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: route [-f] [-p] [command [destination] [mask subnetmask] [gateway][metric costmetric]] ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Route: -f  ɨɱɢɳɭɽ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ . əɤɳɨ ɰɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɜɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɿ , ɬɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɨɱɢɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ʀʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ; -p  ɩɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸ add – ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɣ ɲɥɹɯ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹɩɿɫɥɹɩɟɪɟɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ . ɉɪɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɡɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸ print – ɜɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɜɫɿɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɿɲɥɹɯɢ; command  ɨɞɧɚɡɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯɤɨɦɚɧɞ: print – ɜɢɜɟɫɬɢɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ; add – ɞɨɞɚɬɢɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ; delete – ɡɧɢɳɢɬɢɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ; change – ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ; destination  ɿɦ¶ɹɯɨɫɬɚ, ɧɚɹɤɨɦɭɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ; subnetmask  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ. əɤɳɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ subnetmask ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ, ɬɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɦɚɫɤɚ 255.255.255.255; gateway  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɭɲɥɸɡɚ; costmetric  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɦɟɬɪɢɤɭ ( ɰɿɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɿɞ 1 ɞɨ 9999) ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɿɜ. 27 Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ net use ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɞɥɹɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɡ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɭ. ɐɿɽɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ ɜɿɞ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɽ ɝɧɭɱɤɟ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ: net use [{ɧɚɡɜɚBɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ | *}] [\\ɧɚɡɜɚBɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ\ɪɟɫɭɪɫ[\ɬɨɦ]] [{ɩɚɪɨɥɶ | *}]] [/user:[ɧɚɡɜɚBɞɨɦɟɧɚ\]] [/user:[ɧɚɡɜɚBɞɨɦɟɧɚBɡBɤɪɚɩɤɨɸ\]ɿɦ¶ɹBɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ] [/user:[ɿɦ¶ɹBɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ@ɧɚɡɜɚBɞɨɦɟɧɚBɡBɤɪɚɩɤɨɸ] [/savecred] [/smartcard] [{/delete | /persistent:{yes | no}}] Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ net use: ɧɚɡɜɚBɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɡɜɭ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɡɜɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ . ȱɫɧɭɽ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɧɚɡɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ: ɧɚɡɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ ( ɞɢɫɤɢ ɡ ɥɿɬɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦɢɜɿɞ D ɞɨ Z) ɿɞɥɹɩɪɢɧɬɟɪɿɜ ɜɿɞ LPT1: ɞɨ LPT3:). ȼɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɿɪɨɱɤɢ (*) ɡɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɣɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɨʀ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨʀɧɚɡɜɢ; \\ɧɚɡɜɚBɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ\ɪɟɫɭɪɫ  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ. əɤɳɨ ɰɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɢ, ɬɨ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɞɜɿɣɧɨʀ ɡɜɨɪɨɬɧɨʀ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɿɧɰɹ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɡɹɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɹɦɿ ɥɚɩɤɢ ( ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, "\\Computer Name\Share Name"). Ⱦɨɜɠɢɧɚ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢ 15 ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɜ; ɩɚɪɨɥɶ  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɚɪɨɥɶ , ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ . ȼɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɿɪɨɱɤɢ (*) ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɜɢɜɿɞ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɹɧɚɜɜɿɞɩɚɪɨɥɹ; /user  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɞɨɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ; ɧɚɡɜɚBɞɨɦɟɧɚ  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɧɚɡɜɭ ɿɧɲɨɝɨɞɨɦɟɧɚ . əɤɳɨ ɰɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɨ , ɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨ - ɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ, ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɯɨɞɿ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ; ɿɦ¶ɹBɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ  ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ; /persistent:{yes | no}  ɹɤɳɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ yes, ɬɨ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɿ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɿ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɚɹɤɳɨ no – ɬɨɧɟɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ. 28 ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ net use: 1. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɜɫɿɯɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɢɯɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ: net use 2. ɉɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɡ ɿɦ¶ɹɦ  Ɇ: ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣɭɤɚɬɚɥɨɡɿ Musicɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ Nemo,: net use m: \\nemo\music 3. ɉɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢɭɜɢɝɥɹɞɿɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸɡɿɦ¶ɹɦ D:ɞɥɹɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ Student ɞɨɦɟɧɭ lp ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ , ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɡɿ Data ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ Nemo: net use d: \\nemo\data /user:lp\Student ɚɛɨɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɢɬɚɤ: net use d: \\nemo\data /user:Student@lp 4. ȼɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɬɢɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɢɣɡɿɦ¶ɹɦ M:: net use m: /delete ɏɿɞɪɨɛɨɬɢ 1. Ɉɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶ ɿɡ ɜɦɿɫɬɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɿɜ Hosts, Services, Networks, Protocol ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ FTP, FTP-data, SMTP, POP, telnet, HTTP, HTTPS. 2. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɡɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ. 3. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ ɡ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɤɚ: 3.1. ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɭȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ 192.168.YYY.XXXɬɚɦɚɫɤɭɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.255.0, ɞɟ YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ, XXX – ɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ. 3.2. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪ 5.5. NNN.YYY, ɞɟ NNN=YYY*2, YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣɧɨɦɟɪɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɭɫɩɢɫɤɭɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ. 3.3. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ 192.168. NNN.KKK, ɞɟ NNN=YYY*2, KKK = YYY*2, YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ. 3.4. ȼɢɞɚɥɢɬɢȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɭɭɩ.3.1. 3.5. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪ 192.168. NNN.1, ɞɟ NNN=YYY*2, YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣɧɨɦɟɪɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɭɫɩɢɫɤɭɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ. 3.6. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɣ ɲɥɸɡ 192.168. NNN.1, ɞɟ NNN=YYY*2, YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣɧɨɦɟɪɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɭɫɩɢɫɤɭɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ. 3.7. ȼɢɞɚɥɢɬɢ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣɭɩ.3.2. 4. Ɉɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɶɿɡɜɦɿɫɬɨɦɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ arp ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ. 5. ȼɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɟɛɫɚɣɬɭ). 6. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿ. 7. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɜɦɿɫɬɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɢɯɬɚɛɥɢɰɶɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɯɨɫɬɚ . 8. Ɂɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨʀɫɬɪɿɱɤɢɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɜɫɿɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɿɿɫɧɭɸɱɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ . 29 9. Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ net use ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɡ ɩɟɪɲɨɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɸ ɧɚɡɜɨɸ . ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ, ɳɨɞɚɧɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɧɟɛɭɞɟɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɟɩɪɢɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɦɭɜɯɨɞɿ ɭɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. 10. ɉɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸɡɧɚɡɜɨɸ V:, ɜɤɚɡɚɜɲɢ, ɳɨɞɚɧɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɛɭɞɟɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɦ. 11. ȼɿɞ¶ɽɞɧɚɬɢɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɪɟɫɭɪɫ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣɭɩ. 10. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ 1. əɤɿɮɚɣɥɢɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ? 2. əɤɚɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹɦɿɫɬɢɬɶɫɹɭɮɚɣɥɿ Hosts? 3. əɤɿɩɨɪɬɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɩɨɲɬɨɜɿɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ? 4. əɤɢɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ? 5. əɤɚ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɨ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢ , ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɦɟɪɟɠɿɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚ? 6. əɤɚɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɬɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɿʀ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɭ MAC-ɚɞɪɟɫɢ? 7. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Tracert? 8. Ɂɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɨʀ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜɬɚɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ TCP ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ? 9. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɿɬɚɛɥɢɰɿɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ? 10. əɤɿɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɦɨɠɧɚɡɪɨɛɢɬɢɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ? 11. əɤɡɪɨɛɢɬɢɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɢɦɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦɨɤɪɟɦɢɣɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣɞɢɫɤɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ? 12. əɤɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɭɭɜɢɝɥɹɞɿɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨɞɢɫɤɭ ? 30 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 4. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɈɋ Linux Ubuntu Ɇɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɧɚɜɱɢɬɢɫɹ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɢ ɜ Ɉɋ Linux ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨɬɚɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ Linux ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP ɜɢɹɜɢɜɫɹɧɚɣɭɫɩɿɲɧɿɲɢɦɡɚɫɨɛɨɦɨɛ ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿɜɭɫɶɨɝɨɫɜɿɬɭɜ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ . Ɇɚɸɱɢ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪ ɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ Linux ɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ Ethernet ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ), ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɢ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪ ɞɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨʀɦɟɪɟɠɿɚɛɨ (ɡɚɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ) ɞɨɦɟɪɟɠɿȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɞɟɨɛɦɿɧɞɚɧɢɦɢɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹɡɚɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ TCP/IP. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ Linux ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɿ , ɳɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɿɜ ( ɚɩɚɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ), ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɽ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ – ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ “ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɤɚ” ɚɛɨ “ ɩɟɬɥɹ” (loopback interface) ɧɚ ɿɦ ɹ lo0. Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɤɚ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɭ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɿɚɥɨɝ ɿɡ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɨɛɨɸ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ . ɐɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ , ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɡ ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ. əɤɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɤɨɠɧɢɣɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɦɚɽɧɟɦɟɧɲɟɨɞɧɿɽʀ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɢ. ȱɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ lo0 ɡɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ 127.0.0.1ɿ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɚ ɽ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨɸɧɚɜɫɿɯɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɚɯ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɤɚ , ɬɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ , ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɲɥɸɡɭɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ. Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ Ubuntu. ȱɫɧɭɽɞɜɚɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ : 1) ɡɚɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭɈɋ; 2) ɡɚɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɠɢɦɭ. ɓɨɛ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ Ɉɋ Ubuntu, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɿɤɧɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɪɢɫ. 4.1). Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɥɿɞ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɤɿɜ : ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ o Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ oɆɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ, Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ, DNS, ȼɭɡɥɢ), ɤɨɠɧɚɡɹɤɢɯɦɚɽɜɥɚɫɧɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɰɿ Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɢɯ ɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɶ . ȼɢɞɿɥɢɜɲɢɩɟɜɧɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ , ɦɨɠɧɚɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɚɛɨɡɚɞɚɬɢɣɨɝɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ , ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠɜɜɿɦɤɧɭɬɢɱɢɜɢɦɤɧɭɬɢɣɨɝɨ (ɪɢɫ. 4.2). Ɂɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ , ɹɤɳɨɜɩɭɧɤɬɿ Ʉɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹɡɚɞɚɧɨ DHCP. Ⱦɥɹɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɢ ɜɪɭɱɧɭ, ɭ ɩɭɧɤɬɿ Ʉɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɦɨ Static IP address ( ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɚ), ɧɢɠɱɟɡɚɞɚɽɦɨȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ, ɦɚɫɤɭɬɚɲɥɸɡɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ . ɉɿɫɥɹɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɡɦɿɧɧɚɬɢɫɤɚɽɦɨɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɈɄ, ɳɨɛɡɛɟɪɟɝɬɢɡɦɿɧɢ. 31 ɚ) ɛ) Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ “ Ɂ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ” ɜɿɤɧɚ “ Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ”: ɚ) ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɟ; ɛ) ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɟɡ¶ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹɚɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɚ) ɛ) Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0: ɚ) ɪɟɠɢɦɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ; ɛ) ɪɟɠɢɦɪɭɱɧɨɝɨɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɇɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɰɿ Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ( ɪɢɫ. 4.3) ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ¶ɹ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɞɨɦɟɧɭ (ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɝɪɭɩɢ). ɇɚɡɚɤɥɚɞɰɿ DNS (ɪɢɫ. 4.4) ɡɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɿ ɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɚɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɮɚɣɥɿɜ . əɤ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɨ, ɰɢɦɢ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɽ interfaces ɬɚ resolv.conf. ɍ ɮɚɣɥɿ /etc/network/interfaces ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ, ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɦɚɫɤɢ, ɲɥɸɡ. Ɍɚɤɨɠ ɬɭɬɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ MAC- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɿɜɿɿɧɲɟ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ lo (IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɚ 127.0.0.*, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ , 127.0.0.1) ɩɟɪɟɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨʀ ɩɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɿ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ. 32 Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ lo ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɪɹɞɤɢ ɭ ɮɚɣɥɿ /etc/network/interfaces: auto lo # ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚ “ɩɟɬɥɹ” iface lo inet loopback ɉɿɫɥɹ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ lo ɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ . əɤɳɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɨɞɢɧ, ɬɨ ɜɿɧ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ eth0, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɜɚ, ɬɨɞɿ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢɫɹ eth1ɿɬɞ. Ʉɪɿɦɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹɨɞɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɿɠɨɞɧɭ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ eth0 ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶɡɚɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸɫɥɭɠɛɢ DHCP ɡɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹɬɚɤ: auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp Ɍɭɬɪɹɞɨɤ “ auto eth0” ɜɤɚɡɭɽɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ , ɳɨɰɟɣɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɡ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɿ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɿɫɥɭɠɛɢɦɟɪɟɠɿ. əɤɳɨɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨɡɚɞɚɬɢɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɜɪɭɱɧɭ , ɬɨɜɧɨɫɹɬɶɡɦɿɧɢɭ ɮɚɣɥ interfaces, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ: iface eth0 inet static address ɚɞɪɟɫ netmask ɦɚɫɤɚ gateway ɲɥɸɡ Ɍɭɬɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ gateway – ɧɟɨɛɨɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɢɣ. əɤɳɨɦɟɪɟɠɚɧɟɦɚɽɜɢɯɨɞɭɜȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɬɨɰɟɣɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɦɨɠɧɚɧɟɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɨɜ ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ network ɿ broadcast, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ: network 192.168.1.0 # ɚɞɪɟɫɚɩɿɞɦɟɪɟɠɿ broadcast 192.168.17.255 # ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɚɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɤɨɥɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫ . ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ , ɹɤɳɨ ɿɦ ɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɽ eth0, ɬɨɞɿ ɿɦ ɹɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚɛɭɞɟ eth0:1, ɚ ɿɦ ɹɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ – eth0:2ɿ ɬ. ɞ. Ɍ ɭ ɬ eth0:1 ɨɡɧɚɱɚɽ, ɳɨ ɰɟ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɽɱɟɪɟɡɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ eth0. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞ: auto eth0 eth0:1 eth0:2 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.201 network 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 gateway 192.168.0.1 iface eth0:1 inet static address 192.168.0.202 network 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 33 iface eth0:2 inet static address 192.168.0.203 network 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ɍ ɮɚɣɥɿ /etc/resolv.conf ɨɩɢɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ. əɤɳɨ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɞɢɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭɽɦɨɣɨɝɨɬɚɤ: nameserver 192.168.1.1 Ⱥɹɤɳɨɽɞɜɚɱɢɛɿɥɶɲɟ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɿɜ, ɬɨɞɿɤɨɠɧɢɣɡɧɢɯɡɚɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹɜɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɤɭ: nameserver 192.168.1.1 nameserver 195.75.16.5 əɤɳɨ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɬɨɞɿ, ɳɨɛ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɱɚɥɢ ɞɿɹɬɢ, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɢɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɭɫɥɭɠɛɭɬɚɤɨɸɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸ: /etc/init.d/networking restart ȼ Ɉɋ Ubuntu ɽ ɧɢɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ . Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɤɿɜ: ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ o ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɿ o Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ . ɇɚ ɟɤɪɚɧɿ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɤɧɨ, ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.5. Ⱦɨ ɰɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Ping, Netstat, Traceroute, Port Scan, Lookup, Finger ɬɚ Whois. Ɋɢɫ. 4.5. ȼɿɤɧɨ “ Ɇɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ” 34 ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨɪɟɠɢɦɭ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɽɦɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ifconfig. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɪɢɜ ɹɡɰɿ IP- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ( ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ). ɉɟɪɟɞɭɫɿɦ, ifconfig ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɡɿɛɪɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɩɨɬɨɱɧɢɣɫɬɚɧɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ifconfig –ɚ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɫɿɯ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜ , ɚɬɚɤɨɠɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢʀɯɧɸɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶɭɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ. ɋɥɿɞɩɚɦ¶ɹɬɚɬɢ, ɳɨɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɚɽɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ȺɜɈɋ Ubuntu ɜɫɿɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ, ɳɨɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹɜɿɞɿɦɟɧɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɬɢɫɹ ɡɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ sudo. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ifconfigɞɥɹɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜɩɨɞɚɧɿɭɬɚɛɥ . 4.1. Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 4.1. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɢɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ ifconfig Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɚ Ɉɩɢɫ ifconfig eth0 up ɍɜɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ eth0 ifconfig eth0 down ȼɢɦɤɧɟɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ eth0 ifconfig eth0 inet 192.168.140.1 ɚɛɨ ifconfig eth0 192.168.140.1 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 ȱɊ- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ 192.168.140.1 ifconfig eth0:1 172.30.49.4 Ⱦɨɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢ 172.30.49.4 ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.0.0 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 ɦɚɫɤɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.0.0 ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.140.255 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 ɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɨʀɚɞɪɟɫɢɦɟɪɟɠɿ 192.168.140.255 ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:12:34:56:78:90 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 MAC- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ 00:12:34:56:78:90 ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.2.255 ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ eth0 ȱɊ- ɚɞɪɟɫɢ 192.168.2.2, ɦɚɫɤɢɦɟɪɟɠɿ 255.255.255.0 ɬɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶ- ɧɨʀɚɞɪɟɫɢɦɟɪɟɠɿ 192.168.2.255 ɓɨɛɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢɫɹ, ɳɨɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪ, ɹɤɢɣɧɚɥɚɲɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɛɚɱɢɬɶɦɟɪɟɠɭɿ ɦɚɽ ɞɨ ɧɟʀ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ, ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ping. ȼɨɧɚ ɧɚɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɡɚɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɞɚɥɟɧɢɣ ɯɨɫɬ ɿ , ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ , ɱɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɜɲɢɫɶ ʀʀ , ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɩɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ ɦɿɠ ɯɨɫɬɚɦɢ : ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɲɥɹɯɭ ɜ ɨɛɢɞɜɚ ɤɿɧɰɿ, ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤɜɬɪɚɬɬɚɿɧɲɟ. ɏɿɞɪɨɛɨɬɢ 1. ɍ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɫɿɯ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜɩɟɪɲɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ. 35 2. ɍɜɿɦɤɧɭɬɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɿ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣɪɟɠɢɦɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ . 3. ɍ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɭɫɿɯ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɿɜɩɟɪɲɨɝɨɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɂɚɮɿɤɫɭɜɚɬɢɡɦɿɧɢ. 4. ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɦɿɠ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢ ʀɦȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɢɡɝɿɞɧɨɬɚɤɨɝɨɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ : 192.168.YYY.ZZZ, ɞɟ YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ZZZ=1,2 ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ, ɬɚ ɦɚɫɤɭ 255.255.255.0. 5. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɟɯɨɩɚɤɟɬɢ , ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɰɢɯ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɿɜ. 6. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɮɚɣɥɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ, ɡɚɞɚɬɢ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɲɥɸɡɚ (192.168. YYY.100) ɬɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ DNS- ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ (192.168.YYY.101), ɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ , ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ (192.168.RRR.200, ɞɟ RRR = YYY+50). Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɡɦɿɧɭɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ. 7. ɍ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ. Ɂɚɮɿɤɫɭɜɚɬɢɡɦɿɧɢ. 8. ɍ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɹɞɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ȱɊɚɞɪɟɫɭ (192.168.YYY.3, ɞɟ YYY – ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ), ɦɚɫɤɭ (255.255.255.0), ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɲɥɸɡɚ (192.168. YYY.100) ɬɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ DNS-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ (192.168. YYY.101), ɤɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ (192.168.RRR.200, ɞɟ RRR = YYY+60). Ɂɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɡɦɿɧɭɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ. 9. Ɂ¶ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɜ Ɉɋ Ubuntu ɬɚ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɧɢɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ 1. əɤɿɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜɿɫɧɭɸɬɶɭ Linux? 2. ɑɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ? 3. ȼɹɤɢɯɮɚɣɥɚɯɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɫɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ? 4. əɤɚ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ lo0ɡɚɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ? 5. əɤɨɸɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɽɬɶɫɹɩɟɜɧɢɣɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ? 6. ɋɤɿɥɶɤɢ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɦɨɠɟɦɚɬɢɨɞɢɧɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ? 7. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɚɦɚɫɤɚ? 8. ɍɹɤɢɯɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯɦɨɠɧɚɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɩɨɜɿɳɚɥɶɧɭɚɞɪɟɫɭ ? 9. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɲɥɸɡɚ? 10. əɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ? 11. ɓɨɬɚɤɟ DNS ɿɹɤɜɿɧɩɪɚɰɸɽ? 12. əɤɚɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹɨɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹɭɮɚɣɥɿ /etc/network/interfaces? 13. əɤɿɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɿɡɚɫɨɛɢɞɥɹɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɿɧɚɹɜɧɿɜɈɋ Ubuntu? 14. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Netstat? 15. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Traceroute? 16. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Lookup? 17. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Finger? 18. əɤɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɭɬɢɥɿɬɢ Whois? 36 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 5. Ɋɨɛɨɬɚɭɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ NetCracker Professional Ɇɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɦ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ , ɜɢɜɱɢɬɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɞɨ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɿɜ , ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɿɣɧɿɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿɩɚɤɟɬɭ NetCracker Professional. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ , ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɦɢɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢɹɤɩɪɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɹɜɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ , ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɿɧɨɜɢɯɦɟɪɟɠɿɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯɞɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ . Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɡ ɧɚɣɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɿɲɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ ɭɫɿɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ , ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠɚɯ, ɽ ɩɚɤɟɬ NetCracker Professional, ɮɿɪɦɢ NetCracker Technology. Ɂ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɜ¶ɹɡɚɧɿ ɬɚɤɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɿ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ , ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨʀ ɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢ ɡɦɿɧɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ , ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨʀ ɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɪɢ ɡɦɿɧɿ ʀʀ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ , ɩɿɞɛɿɪ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨʀɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨʀɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿɦɟɪɟɠɿɩɪɢɡɚɞɚɧɢɯɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ – ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨʀɦɟɪɟɠɿ. əɤ ɿ ɜɫɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ , ɩɚɤɟɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ , ɳɨ ɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɛɭɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɯɟɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɛɥɿɨɬɟɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ , ɹɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɟɜɿ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɿɪɦɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɿɜ . Ɍɚɤɨɠ ɽ ɡɦɨɝɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ , ɳɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ , ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɛɿɛɥɿɨɬɟɤɢ , ɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯɨɛ ɽɤɬɿɜ. ɋɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ, ɳɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɤɪɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɞɿɚɝɪɚɦɿ ɡɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɨɫɬɿ, ɚɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɿ . ȯ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɦɨɝɚ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ . Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ , ɩɪɨɤɪɭɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɭ ɿ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ. ɉɿɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɞɚɧɿ, ɡɿɛɪɚɧɿ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɰɿɦɨɞɟɥɿ, ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿɿɩɨɞɚɽɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɭ ɡɪɭɱɧɿɣɞɥɹɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚɮɨɪɦɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ NetCracker Professional ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ ɞɿʀ ɉɭɫɤ ĺ ȼɫɿ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ĺ NetCracker Professional 4.1 ĺ NetCracker Professional. 37 Ʉɪɿɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɸ ( ɪɢɫ. 5.1) ɿ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɜɿɤɧɨ NetCracker Professional ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ, ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɿ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɱɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɿɣ ɫɚɣɬ Net1. ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɶɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɬɚɞɨɞɚɬɤɢɞɥɹɜɢɛɪɚɧɨʀɜɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ . ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɸ ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɶ Ɋɨɛɨɱɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ Ɋɢɫ. 5.1. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɟɜɿɤɧɨ NetCracker Professional ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɮɚɣɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ NetCracker Professional (.NET) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢ Open ( ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ) ɦɟɧɸ File Ɏɚɣɥ). ɐɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɽ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɟɜɿɤɧɨɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹɮɚɣɥɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.2). Ɋɢɫ. 5.2. Ⱦɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɟɜɿɤɧɨɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹɮɚɣɥɚ Ɂ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ Samples ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽɦɨ ɮɚɣɥ Techno.net. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɜɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹɜɦɿɫɬɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ “Techno” ( ɪɢɫ. 5.3). Ⱦɥɹɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹɞɿɥɹɧɤɢɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɤɧɨɩɤɚ (Zoom). ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɞ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿ ɧɚ ɜɤɥɚɞɰɿ Devices ɉɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ). ɓɨɛ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ , ɜɢɞɿɥɿɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿ , ɬɨɞɿ ɜ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ “ Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɡ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ . ɋɦɭɝɚ ɩɪɨɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ “ Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɰɿɽʀɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. 38 Ɋɢɫ. 5.3. ȼɿɤɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ “Techno” ɉɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɩɚɧɟɥɿɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɨɠɭɬɶɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢɫɹɡɚ: x ɬɢɩɨɦ (Types); x ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ (Vendors); x ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɟɦ (User). ȼɨɛɥɚɫɬɿɩɚɧɟɥɿ “ Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɽɬɚɤɿɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ: x ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ (Messages); x ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ (Devices); x ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ (Recently used). ɉɪɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɢ “ ɇɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ” ɜ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ “ Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ , ɳɨɩɨɜ ɹɡɚɧɿɡɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ , ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɭɊɨɛɨɱɨɦɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ. ɓɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ , ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɞɜɿɱɿɧɚɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɧɚɧɶɨɦɭɥɿɜɨɸɤɧɨɩɤɨɸɦɢɲɿ . ȼɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɤɧɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ , ɭ ɥɿɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ, ɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɣ – ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ, ɚ ɜɧɢɡɭ – ɤɧɨɩɤɢ Device Setup ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ), Plug-in Setup ( ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ), Close (Ɂɚɤɪɢɬɢɜɿɤɧɨ) ɬɚ Help (Ⱦɨɩɨɦɨɝɚ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɜɿɱɿɤɥɚɰɧɿɬɶɧɚɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɿ Cisco 7000, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɰɟɧɬɪɿɜɿɤɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 5.4). ɓɨɛ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ HSSI Interface Processor ( ɉɪɨɰɟɫɨɪ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɲɜɢɞɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɭ), ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɡɿ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɿɜ – CX-HIP. Ɂɜɟɪɧɿɬɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɭ, ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ , ɳɨɛ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɢ, ɞɟ ɰɟɣ ɛɥɨɤɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣɭɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ. 39 Ɋɢɫ. 5.4. ȼɿɤɧɨɞɿɚɥɨɝɭɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀɞɥɹɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ Cisco 7000 Ⱦɥɹɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɭɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀɩɪɨɡɦɿɧɧɢɣɛɥɨɤɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɨɞɢɧɡɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ: x ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ ATM Interface Processor CX-HIP  ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɪɡɜ ɹɡɤɭɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨʀɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ), ɜɢɤɥɢɱɬɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟɦɟɧɸ ɿɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Properties; x ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ ATM Interface Processor CX-HIP ɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶɤɧɨɩɤɭ Plug-in Setup; x ɧɚ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ, ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ ATM Interface Processor  CX-HIP ɿɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶɤɧɨɩɤɭ Plug-in Setup. Ⱦɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɟɜɿɤɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨɛɥɨɤɭ CX-HIP ɩɨɞɚɧɨɧɚɪɢɫ. 5.5. Ɋɢɫ. 5.5. ȼɿɤɧɨɞɿɚɥɨɝɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɛɥɨɤɭ CX-HIP ɍ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ Protocols ( ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ) ɬɚ Ports (ɉɨɪɬɢ) ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ. ɓɨɛ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɡɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɭ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɿɤɧɿɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹɤɧɨɩɤɚ Device Setup. 40 Ⱦɥɹɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨɛɥɨɤɭɜɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ , ɜɩɚɧɟɥɿɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ, ɭ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ “ Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɭ Devices ɉɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ), ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɿ, ɭɬɪɢɦɭɸɱɢ ɥɿɜɭ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɦɢɲɿ, ɩɟɪɟɬɹɝɧɭɬɢ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɨ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɭ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɨɡ¶ɽɦ ɭ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸɭɞɿɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦɭɜɿɤɧɿ. ȱɧɲɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɦɿɧɧɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɿɜ ɽ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɡ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ³Ɂɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ” ɿ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ɜ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭɧɟ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɚɥɨɝɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿʀɛɭɜ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɟɞɿɬɶ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɛ ɽɤɬ ɭ ɜɿɤɧɿ ɫɚɣɬɭ, ɳɨɛ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɤɚɡɤɭ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɱɭɬɢ ɡɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɢɦɩɿɞɤɚɡɤɚɦ. ɓɨɛɩɨɱɭɬɢɡɜɭɤɨɜɭɩɿɞɤɚɡɤɭ , ɜɿɞɤɪɢɣɬɟɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟɦɟɧɸ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸɿɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɨɞɢɧɡɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ: x Say Notes (ɨɡɜɭɱɢɬɢɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ); x Say Description (ɨɡɜɭɱɢɬɢɨɩɢɫ); x Say Current Statistics (ɨɡɜɭɱɢɬɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ). ɓɨɛ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɬɢ , ɹɤɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɭɩɪɨɟɤɬɿ, ɜɦɟɧɸ Viewɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɩɭɧɤɬ Media Colors. Ɍɭɬɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɢ, ɹɤɢɦɢɧɚɫɯɟɦɿɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹɬɢɩɢɡ ɽɞɧɚɧɶ : x ɤɨɚɤɫɿɚɥɶɧɢɣɤɚɛɟɥɶ; x ɫɤɪɭɱɟɧɚɩɚɪɚ; x ɨɩɬɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɢɣɤɚɛɟɥɶ; x ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿɥɿɧɿʀ; x ɪɚɞɿɨɤɚɧɚɥ. ȯɡɦɨɝɚɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɜɫɸɦɟɪɟɠɭ , ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɿ ɡɜɿɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹɜɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɡɜɿɬɭɜɦɟɧɸ Tools (ȱɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢ), ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶɩɭɧɤɬ Reports Ɂɜɿɬɢ). ɓɨɛ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɫɬɢ ɿ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɢ , ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ Routers/Bridges ɆɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɢɆɨɫɬɢ), ɩɨɬɿɦɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶɤɧɨɩɤɭ Next (Ⱦɚɥɿ) ɭ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿ ɡɜɿɬɭ ɿ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Finish ( Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ). Ɂɜɿɬ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ, ɚ ɧɚɞ ɡɜɿɬɨɦ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ Report, ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɹɤɨʀ ɦɨɠɧɚɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɫɬɨɪɿɧɤɢ ɡɜɿɬɭ (ɹɤɳɨɜɿɧɛɚɝɚɬɨɫɬɨɪɿɧɤɨɜɢɣ ), ɪɨɡɞɪɭɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨɚɛɨɟɤɫɩɨɪɬɭɜɚɬɢɭɮɚɣɥ. ɓɨɛɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɫɩɢɫɨɤɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɬɚɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ , ɚɬɚɤɨɠɡɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɩɿɞɫɭɦɤɨɜɭ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ , ɜɢɤɨɧɚɣɬɟ ɬɚɤɿ ɞɿʀ : Tools ĺ Reports ĺ Bill of Materials ȱɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢĺ Ɂɜɿɬɢ ĺ Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ). ɍ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɿ ɡɜɿɬɭ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶɤɧɨɩɤɭ Nextɿɤɧɨɩɤɭ Finish. Ⱦɥɹɡɚɤɪɢɬɬɹɡɜɿɬɭ, ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɣɬɟɫɹɤɧɨɩɤɨɸ Closeɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨɡɜɿɬɭ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɨɸ Start  ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ Control ( Ʉɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɚɛɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɸ Start ɦɟɧɸ Control. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿɩɨɱɧɭɬɶɪɭɯɚɬɢɫɹɩɚɤɟɬɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5.6). 41 Ɋɢɫ. 5.6. ȼɿɤɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɭɡɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɽɸ Ɂɭɩɢɧɤɚ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɚɦɢ Stop ( Ɂɭɩɢɧɢɬɢ)  ɬɚ Pause/Resume ɉɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɢɬɢȼɿɞɧɨɜɢɬɢ) ɩɚɧɟɥɿɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɿɜɄɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ , ɚɛɨɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢɦɟɧɸɄɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɢɤɥɢɤ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ ( ɪɢɫ. 5.7) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸɤɧɨɩɤɢ Animation Setup (ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ) . ɓɨɛ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ , ɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɣ ɛɭɞɨɜɿ . Ⱥ ɳɨɛ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ , ɡɚɤɪɢɣɬɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟɜɿɤɧɨ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢɤɧɨɩɤɭɜɿɤɧɚ Close. Ⱦɥɹɪɨɡɪɢɜɭɡɜ ɹɡɤɭɧɚɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɿɣɩɚɧɟɥɿ Modesɤɥɚɰɧɿɬɶɧɚɤɧɨɩɰɿ Break/Restore ( Ɋɨɡɿɪɜɚɬɢȼɿɞɧɨɜɢɬɢ) ( ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɧɚɛɭɞɟ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɨɥɨɬɤɚ) ɿ ɜ Ɋɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ ɧɚɬɢɫɧɿɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɞɜɨɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɹɦɢ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɪɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɭɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹɱɟɪɜɨɧɢɣɫɩɚɥɚɯ ɿɬɪɚɮɿɤɱɟɪɟɡɰɸɥɿɧɿɸɩɪɢɩɢɧɢɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɟɧɚɬɢɫɤɚɧɧɹɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɦɦɢɲɤɢɧɚɩɟɪɟɪɜɚɧɨɦɭɡɜ¶ɹɡɤɭɩɪɢɚɤɬɢɜɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɤɧɨɩɰɿ Break/Restore ( ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɧɚɛɭɞɟ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɝɚɣɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ ) ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ, ɚɦɿɬɤɚɡɱɟɪɜɨɧɢɦɫɩɚɥɚɯɨɦɡɧɢɤɚɽ. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɦɟɧɸ Global ( Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ). ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɸ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɩɭɧɤɬ Model Settings ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɨɞɟɥɿ) ɿɩɟɪɟɣɞɿɬɶɧɚɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɭ Protocols (ɪɢɫ. 5.8). ȼɢɛɢɪɚɸɱɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ, ɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɰɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɱɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ TCP/IP – RIP ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ). Ɂɦɿɧɚ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɭ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ TCP/IP ɜɢɩɥɢɜɚɽɡɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯɜɢɦɨɝɰɶɨɝɨɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ. 42 Ɋɢɫ. 5.7. Ⱦɿɚɥɨɝɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ Ɋɢɫ. 5.8. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ Protocols ɭɜɿɤɧɿɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɶɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɓɨɛɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɩɚɤɟɬ , ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɿɬɶɤɭɪɫɨɪɧɚɞɛɭɞɶɹɤɢɦɿɡ ɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɤɚɡɤɚ . Ʉɨɥɢ ɤɭɪɫɨɪ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɞ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɦ, ɜɢɤɥɢɱɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɜɢɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Say Info ( Ɉɡɜɭɱɢɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ), ɹɤɚɞɚɫɬɶɡɦɨɝɭɩɪɨɫɥɭɯɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɧɶɨɝɨ. Ɉɛɪɚɜɲɢɩɭɧɤɬ Properties (ȼɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ), ɦɨɠɧɚɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɚɤɟɬɭ (ɪɢɫ. 5.9). Ɋɢɫ. 5.9. ȼɿɤɧɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɟɣɩɚɤɟɬɚ 43 ɍ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɭ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ , ʀʀ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ, ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨ, ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬ, ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɣɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɬɚɿɧ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɡɚɞɧɶɨɦɭɮɨɧɿɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɦɟɪɟɠɿ : 1) ɩɪɚɜɨɸɤɧɨɩɤɨɸɦɢɲɿɧɚɬɢɫɤɚɽɦɨɧɚɡɚɞɧɶɨɦɭɮɨɧɿɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ , ɿɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɽɦɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ , ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽɦɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ Site Setup (ɇɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɫɚɣɬɭ) (ɪɢɫ. 5.10); 2) ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽɦɨɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɭ Background (Ɂɚɞɧɿɣɮɨɧ), ɚɩɨɬɿɦ Map (Ʉɚɪɬɚ); 3) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɱɢ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Browse ( ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɞ), ɜɢɛɢɪɚɽɦɨ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɢɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɤɚɪɬɢɿɧɚɬɢɫɤɚɽɦɨ OK. ȼ NetCracker Professional ɿɫɧɭɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ , ɳɨ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɭɡɥɿɜ ( ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɥɿɧɿɣ ɡɜ ɹɡɤɭ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɮɿɤɚ. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ NetCracker Professional simulation engine. Ɋɢɫ. 5.10. ȼɿɤɧɨ Site Setup ɏɿɞɪɨɛɨɬɢ 1. Ɂɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɢɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ NetCracker Professional ɿɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɮɚɣɥ Techno.net. 2. Ɋɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɢɫɩɢɫɨɤ Routers and bridges ɭɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ. 3. Ɋɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢɜɪɨɛɨɱɿɣɨɛɥɚɫɬɿɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ Cisco Systems. 4. Ɋɨɡɝɨɪɧɭɬɢ ɭ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɿ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɚ D-Link ɞɥɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ Ethernet ɿɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ Fast EtherLink 10/100 PCI. ȼɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɢɣɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɞɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɭɩɚɧɟɥɿɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɶ. 5. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢɪɟɠɢɦɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜɭɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿɡɚɬɢɩɨɦɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ . 6. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿɜɩɪɨɟɤɬɿ. 7. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɢɣɜɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭɩɨɥɿ. 8. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɩɨɪɬɢ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɦɿɧɧɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɰɿ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. 9. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɢɧɨɜɢɣɡɦɿɧɧɢɣɛɥɨɤɞɨɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. 10. ȼɤɥɸɱɢɬɢɡɜɭɤɨɜɭɩɿɞɤɚɡɤɭɡɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸɩɪɨɨɩɢɫɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ . 11. ɉɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɜɫɿɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɡɜɿɬɢ. 44 12. Ɂɚɤɪɢɬɢɩɪɨɟɤɬ Techno.netɛɟɡɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɡɦɿɧɿɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɮɚɣɥ Router.net. 13. Ɂɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɭɯɭɩɚɤɟɬɿɜ, ʀɯɧɶɨʀɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɿɪɭɯɭɬɚɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ. 14. ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɢɠɱɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɛɭɞɶɹɤɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɫɬɚɧɰɿʀ. 15. ɉɟɪɟɪɜɚɬɢ ɡɜ ɹɡɨɤ ɦɿɠ ɜɭɡɥɚɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢɫɹ, ɳɨ ɦɿɠ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɬɪɚɮɿɤɚ. 16. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ. 17. ȼɿɞɧɨɜɢɬɢɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɢɣɡɜ ɹɡɨɤɿɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɢɬɢɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɸ . 18. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɡɜɭɤɨɜɭɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɩɚɤɟɬɬɚɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣɨɝɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ . 19. Ɂɚɤɪɢɬɢɩɪɨɟɤɬ Router.netɛɟɡɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɡɦɿɧ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ 1. ɍɱɨɦɭɩɨɥɹɝɚɽɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ NetCracker Professional? 2. əɤɿɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿɧɚɞɚɽɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɟɜɿ NetCracker Professional? 3. ɓɨɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶɞɨɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ NetCracker Professional? 4. əɤɢɦɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɦɨɝɚ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢɩɨɥɨɬɧɚɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ? 5. əɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ? 6. Ⱦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɛɚɡɢ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɧɨɩɤɢɜɨɧɚɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ? 7. əɤɦɨɠɧɚɩɟɪɟɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿɭɛɚɡɿɞɚɧɢɯ? 8. Ɂɚɹɤɢɦɢɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢɦɨɠɧɚɫɨɪɬɭɜɚɬɢɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɭɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɿ ? 9. əɤ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ , ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɿɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ? 10. əɤɡɦɿɧɢɬɢɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ? 11. əɤɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿɡɦɿɧɧɨɝɨɛɥɨɤɚɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɸ ? 12. əɤɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɬɢɩɥɿɧɿʀ, ɤɨɬɪɚɡ¶ɽɞɧɭɽɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɭɩɪɨɟɤɬɿ? 13. əɤɡɚɞɚɬɢɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɥɿɧɿʀɡɜ ɹɡɤɭ? 14. əɤɩɿɞɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢɡɜɿɬɩɪɨɩɪɨɟɤɬ? 15. əɤɩɿɞɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢɡɜɿɬɩɪɨɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ? 16. Ⱦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɧɿɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɜɨɧɚɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ? 17. Ⱦɥɹɱɨɝɨɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ? 18. əɤɡɦɿɧɢɬɢɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɚɧɿɦɚɰɿʀ? 19. Ⱦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɦɢɲɿ ɿ ɹɤɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɤɧɨɩɤɢɜɨɧɚɦɿɫɬɢɬɶ? 20. əɤɦɨɠɧɚɡɪɭɣɧɭɜɚɬɢ (ɜɿɞɧɨɜɢɬɢ) ɡɜ ɹɡɤɢɦɿɠɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɹɦɢɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ? 21. əɤɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɢɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸɩɪɨɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɩɚɤɟɬɚ, ɳɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹɥɿɧɿɽɸ? 22. əɤɦɨɠɧɚɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɸɥɿɧɿɣɡɜ ɹɡɤɭɜɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɿɣɦɟɪɟɠɿ ? 23. əɤɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɨɛ ɽɤɬɿɜɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ? 45 Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɚɪɨɛɨɬɚʋ 6. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹɨɞɧɨɪɿɜɧɟɜɨʀɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀɦɟɪɟɠɿɭɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ NetCracker Professional Ɇɟɬɚɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹɦɢ , ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɧɚɜɢɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ NetCracker Professional ɩɪɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ , ɧɚɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɮɿɤɭ ɬɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜɦɨɞɟɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ Ɂɚɩɭɫɬɿɬɶ NetCracker Professional ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɿɬɶ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɦɟɧɸ File ĺ New. ɉɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɣɬɟɫɹ, ɳɨɜɫɩɢɫɤɭ Hierarchyɨɛɪɚɧɢɣɩɭɧɤ...