Тести із буклетів КРОК-1 для медичного факультету. Theme:"GENERAL STUDY ABOUT NOSOLOGY, ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS " “KROK-1” 2018 1. A victim of a traffic accident was received by the intensive care unit. The patient is in a grave condition that can be characterized as a severe pathologic process that leads to exhaustion of vital functions and puts the patients into the marginal state between life and death due to critical reduction of capillary circulation in the affected organs. The patient is in the state of: A.Agony B.Preagony C.Shok D.Coma E. Collapse 2014 1. Insufficiency of the mitral valve was founded at man who 12 years ago suffered from rheumatic myocardites.Investigations have shown that the inflammatory process is absent, minute volume of circulation is sufficient. Name the nition of general nosology. Pathological state Pathological reaction Disease process Typical pathological process Compensating reaction 2. Atrophy of bone marked in the patient after the removal of teeth. This is an example of: Pathological condition Pathological reaction Pathological process Structural adaptation Disease 2013-2010 1. A 50-year –old man has a stomach ulcer. After the treatment digestion become to normal, pain dissapiared, and his mood improved. However, in a couple of weeks the patient developed pain in epigastric region, heartburn and acd belching. How this situation might be interpreted? Disease relaps Remission period Terminal status Premonitory period Latent period 2. A 12-year-old boy after coming home from the school began to complaint of headache, nausea, chill, periodic muscle pain, loss of appetite, and fatigue. What disease period can show such signs? Prodromal Latent Incybation Height of the disease End of the disease 3. A student fell ill with acute respiratory disease at the end of winter following long period of mental overloading. What is the cause of the disease? Pathogenic microorganism Irrational diet Mental overloading Supercooling Hypovitaminosis 4. A 39-years-old patient has been suffering from gastric ulcer for last 4 years. Pain in epigastric region, heartburn, nausea, and constipation appear mainly in autumn and spring. Name this condition. A. Remission B. Relapse C. Complication D. Pathologic condition E. Relapse 5. Gasping respiration appears in a patient with severe lung pathology. What terminal condition is this characteristic for? A.Agony B.Pre-agony C. Clinical death D.Biological death E. Terminal pause 6. A 10-yeaes-old child endured several rheumatic attacks. At examination of him it was established that he had inflammatory process in his joints and signs of mitral valve insufficiency. What pathological appearance in this patient may be attributed to "disease"? A.Mitral valve disease B.Mitral valve insufficiency C.Rheumatism D.Inflammation of joints E.Arthritis 7. A 28-year-old patient with symptoms of acute appendicitis was admitted to the surgical department. Acute pains in his right epigastric area and near the umbilicus were registered during palpation on examination. Schetkin-Blumberg symptom was positive. Which period of disease was observed in that patient? A. Period of manifestation B. Latent period C. Prodromal period D. Final period E. Period of functional disorder 8. Increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate, and increase of BP were noticed on the height of 1000 m above the sea in a 25-year-old woman, coming for holydaj in the mountainous resort. In some time all those symptoms disappeared. Which process was noticed in a woman? A. Adaptation B. Compensation C. Decompensation D. Stress E. Parabiosis 9. A man with the complex of deviation of his health is considered sick. What is the more typically for disease? A. Disorder of physiological regulation of functions B. Decrease of ability to work C. Disorder of immunity D. Psychological deviations E. Decrease of adaptation Theme: PATHOGENIC ACTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (mechanical factor, ionizing radiation, barometric pressure, high and low temperatures) Testing for checking of final level of knowledge MEDICAL FACULTY 2012 1. Having helped to eliminate consequences of a failure at a nuclear power plant, a worker got an irradiation doze of 500 roentgen. He complains of headache, nausea, dizziness. What changes in leukocytes quantity can be expected 10 hours after irradiation? A. Neutrophilic leukocytosis B. Lymphocytosis C. Leukopenia D. Agranulocytosis E. Leukemia 2. As a result of a trauma a patient has developed traumatic shock that led to the following disorders: AP is 140/90 mm Hg, Ps is 120 bpm. The patient is fussy, talkative, pale. Such state relates to the following shock phase: A. Erectile B. Latent period C. Terminal D. Torpid E. – 2014 1. After a road accident a victim has tachycardia, arterial blood pressure 130/90 mm Hg, tachypnoe, the skin is pale and dry, excitation of central nervous system is observed. What shock stage is the patient most likely in? A. Erectile B. Terminal C. Torpid D. Preshock (compensation stage) E. Agony 2015 1. After a road accident a victim has tachycardia, arterial blood pressure 130/90 mm Hg, tachypnoe, the skin is pale and dry, excitation of central nervous system is observed. What shock stage is the patient most likely in? A. Erectile B. Terminal C. Torpid D. Preshock (compensation stage) E. Agony 2016 1. After a road accident a victim has tachycardia, arterial blood pressure 130/90 mm Hg, tachypnoe, the skin is pale and dry, excitation of central nervous system is observed. What shock stage is the patient most likely in? A. Erectile B. Terminal C. Torpid D. Preshock (compensation stage) E. Agony 2017 1. During ascent into mountains a person develops increased respiration rate and rapid heart rate. What is the cause of these changes? A. Decrease of O2 partial pressure B. Increase of blood pH C. Increase nitrogen content in air D. Increase of CO2 partial pressure E. Increase of air humidity “KROK-1” 2014 1. A woman who was infected with toxoplasmosis during the pregnancy has a child with multiple congenital defects.This is a result of: A Teratogenesis B Cancerogenesis C Biological mutogenesis D Chemical mutogenesis E Recombination Theme: ROLE OF REACTIVITY, RESÍSTANSE AND SMPh IN DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGY. ROLE OF HEREDITYIN PATHOLOGY. CONSTITUTION AND AGE FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGY. Testing for checking of final level of knowledge MEDICAL FACULTY 1. A child is pale, pastose, muscular tissue is bad developed, lymph nodes are enlarged. He often suffers from angina and pharyngitis, blood has signs of lymphocytosis. The child is also predisposed to autoallergic diseases. What type of diathesis can be presumed in this case? A. Lymphohypoplastic B. Exudative C. Gouty D. Asthenic E. Hemorrhagic 2. A 13-year-old boy presents with eczematous rashes on his shins and torso. Anamnesis states cases of otitis, pneumonia and furuncles in the patient. Blood test: platelets- 70×109/l, low activity of T helper and T suppressor cells, low IgM, with normal IgA and IgG. What immunodeficiencent disease does this boy have? Louis-Barr syndrome Severe combined immunodeficiency (Swiss type) Chcdiak-Higashi syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Di George syndrome 2011 1. Medical examination at the military registration and enlistment office revealed that a 15-year-old boy was high, with eunuchoid body proportions gynecomastia, female pattern of pubic hair distribution. The boy had also fat deposits on the thighs, no facial hair, high voice, subnormal intelligence quotient. Which karyotype corresponds with this disease? A. 47, XXY B. 45, XO C. 46, XX D. 46, XY E. 47, XXX 2. One of the parents is suspected of having phenylketonuria recessive gene. What is the risk of giving birth to a child with inborn phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100% 3. A child with a history of frequent angine and pharyngitis has been diagnosed with lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. His appearance is characterised by pastosity and paleness, muscular tissue is poorly developed. Lymphocytosis is present. What kind of diathesis is it? A. Lymphohypoplastic diathesis B. Exudative diathesis C. Gouty diathesis D. Asthenic diathesis E. Hemorrhagic diathesis 4. A 28-year-old female patient consulted a gynecologist about sterility. Examination revealed underdeveloped ovaries and uterus, irregular menstrual cycle. Analysis of the sex chromatin revealed 2 Barr’s bodies in most somatic cells. What chromosome disease is most likely? A. Triple X syndrome B. Edwards’ syndrome C. Patau’s syndrome D. Klinefelter’s syndrome E. Turner’s syndrome 5.Sex chromosomes of a woman didn’t separate and move to the opposite poles of a cell during gametogenesis (meiosis). The ovum was impregnated with a normal spermatozoon. Which chromosomal disease can be found in her child? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Down’s syndrome C. Patau’s syndrome D. Edwards’ syndrome E. Cat cry syndrome 2012 1. A couple has a son with haemophilia. The parents are healthy but the maternal grandfather also has haemophilia. Specify the type of inheritance: A. Recessive sex-linked B. Recessive autosomal C. Dominant sex-linked D. Semidominance E. Autosomal dominant 2.During a prophylactic medical examination a 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with daltonism. His parents are healthy and have normal colour vision, but his grandfather on his mother’s side has the same abnormality. What is the type of the abnormality inheritance? A. Recessive, sex-linked B. Dominant, sex-linked C. Semidominance D. Autosomal recessive E. Autosomal dominant 3. According to the phenotypic diagnosis a female patient has been provisionally diagnosed with X-chromosome polysomia. This diagnosis can be confirmed by a cytogenetic method. What karyotype will allow to confirm the diagnosis? A. 47(ХХХ) B. 48(XXXY) C. 48(XXYY) D. 47(XXY) E. 46(XX) 4. Sex chromosomes of a woman didn’t separate and move to the opposite poles of a cell during gametogenesis (meiosis). The ovum was impregnated with a normal spermatozoon. Which chromosomal disease can be found in her child? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Down’s syndrome C. Patau’s syndrome D. Edwards’ syndrome E. Cat cry syndrome 2013 1. Examination of an 18-year-old girl revealed the following features: hypoplasia of the ovaries, broad shoulders, narrow pelvis, shortening of the lower extremities, "sphinx neck". Mental development is normal. The girl was diagnosed with Turner’s syndrome. What kind of chromosome abnormality is it? A. Monosomy X B. Trisomy X C. Trisomy 13 D. Trisomy 18 E. Nullisomy X 2. A 35-year-old male patient has been referred by an andrologist for the genetic counselling for the deviations of physical and mental development. Objectively: the patient is tall, has asthenic constitution, gynecomastia, mental retardation. Microscopy of the oral mucosa cells revealed sex chromatin (single Barr body) in 30% of cells. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Klinefelter syndrome B. DiGeorge syndrome C. Down syndrome D. Recklinghausen’s disease E. Cushing pituitary basophilism 3. A 25-year-old patient consulted a doctor about dysmenorrhea and infertility. Examination revealed that the patient was 145 cm high and had underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, alar folds on the neck. Cytological study didn’t reveal any Barr bodies in the somatic cells. What diagnosis was made? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Morris syndrome D. Trisomy X syndrome E. – 4. Amniocentesis revealed two sex chromatin bodies (Barr bodies) in each cell of the sample. What disease is this character typical for? A. Trisomy X B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Turner’s syndrome D. Down’s syndrome E. Patau syndrome 2014 1.A boy referred to a genetics clinic was found to have 1 drumstick in blood neutrophils. The boy is likely to have the following syndrome: A. Klinefelter’s B. Down’s C. Turner’s D. Edwards’ E. Trisomy X 2. Amniocentesis revealed two sex chromatin bodies (Barr bodies) in each cell of the sample. What disease is this character typical for? A. Trisomy X B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Turner’s syndrome D. Down’s syndrome E. Patau syndrome 4. A female patient saught medicalgenetic consultation. Physical examination revealed pterygium colli deformity (webbed neck), broad chest, underdeveloped breasts. Study of buccal epithelium cells revealed no X-chromatin in the nuclei. This indicates that the patient has the following syndrome: A. Turner’s B. Klinefelter’s C. Patau’s D. Down’s E. Edwards’ 5. A 2-year-old boy is diagnosed with Down syndrome. What chromosomal changes may be the cause of this disease? A. Trisomy 21 B. Trisomy 13 C. Trisomy X D. Trisomy 18 E. Monosomy X 2015 1. Sex chromatin was detected during examination of a man’s buccal epithelium. It is characteristic of the following chromosome disease: A. Klinefelter’s syndrome B. Down’s disease C. Turner’s syndrome D. Triple X syndrome E. Hypophosphatemic rickets 2. Sex chromosomes of a woman didn’t separate and move to the opposite poles of a cell during gametogenesis (meiosis). The ovum was impregnated with a normal spermatozoon. Which chromosomal disease can be found in her child? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Down’s syndrome C. Patau’s syndrome D. Edwards’ syndrome E. Cat cry syndrome 3. An 18-year-old woman has body disproportion, wing-like folds on the skin of her neck, underdeveloped ovaries, nuclei of her buccal epithelium cells have no Barr bodies. Dermatoglyphics method revealed that her adt angle is 66o. What provisional diagnosis can be made in this case? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Cri du chat (cat cry) syndrome C. Kleinfelter’s syndrome D. Patau’s syndrome E. Edwards’ syndrome 4. A 2-year-old boy is diagnosed with Down syndrome. What chromosomal changes may be the cause of this disease? A. Trisomy 21 B. Trisomy 13 C. Trisomy X D. Trisomy 18 E. Monosomy X 2016 1. Sex chromatin was detected during examination of a man’s buccal epithelium. It is characteristic of the following chromosome disease: A. Klinefelter’s syndrome B. Down’s disease C. Turner’s syndrome D. Triple X syndrome E. Hypophosphatemic rickets 2. According to phenotypic diagnosis a female patient has been provisionally diagnosed with X-chromosome polysomia. This diagnosis can be confirmed by cytogenetic method. What karyotype will confirm the diagnosis? A. 47(ХХХ) B. 48(XXXY) C. 48(XXYY) D. 47(XXY) E. 46(XX) 3. Parents of a 5-year-old child report him to have frequent colds that develop into pneumonias, presence of purulent rashes on the skin. Laboratory tests have revealed the following: absence of immunoglobulins of any type; naked cells are absent from the lymph nodes punctate. What kind of immune disorder is it? A. X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton type agammaglobulinemia) B. Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinaemia (Swiss type) C. Hypoplastic anemia D. Agranulocytosis E. Louis-Barr syndrome 4. A 2-year-old boy is diagnosed with Down syndrome. What chromosomal changes can cause this disease? A. Trisomy 21 B. Trisomy 13 C. Trisomy X D. Trisomy 18 E. Monosomy X 2017 1. On examination the patient was determined to hav strong, balanced, inert type of higher nervous activity according to Pavlov’s classification. What temperament according to Hippocrates is it? A. Choleric B. Sanguine CPhlegmatic D. Melancholic E. – 2. A 45-year-old woman gave birth to a boy with cleft maxilla (cleft lip and palate). On additional examination there are significant disturbances of the boy’s nervouse, cardiovascular and visual systems. Kryotype inxestigation allowed diagnosing the patient with trisomy 13. What syndrome is present in boy? A. Klinefelter B. Down C. Turner D. Di George E. Patau 3. Clinical presentation of a woman allowed provisionally diagnosing her with X polysomy. Cytogenetic method is applied to clarify the diagnosis. The diagnosis will be confirmed if the patient’s karyotype is? A. 47,ХХХ B. 48,XXXY C. 48,XXYY D. 47,XXY E. 46,XX 2018 1.A 40-year-old pregnant woman underwent amniocentesis. Examination determined the fetal karyotype to be 47, XY+21. What fetal pathology was detected? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Down’s syndrome C. Patau’s syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome E. Phenylketonuria 2. A 20-year-old young man with tall stature, asthenic body type, signs of hypogonadism and gynecomastia, and low sperm count (azoospermia) has karyotype 47,XXY. What hereditary syndrome can be characterized by this chromosomal anomaly? A. Turner’s syndrome B. Down’s syndrome C. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome D. Klinefelter syndrome E. Louis-Bar syndrome Theme: “ALLERGY. IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY. IMMUNODEFICIENCY.” Testing for checking of final level of knowledge MEDICAL FACULTY 2011 1. A 10-year-old child had the mantoux tuberculin test administered. 48 hours later a papule up to 8 mm in diameter appeared on the site of the injection. What type of hypersensitivity reaction developed after the tuberculin injection? A. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction B. Arthus phenomenon C. Seroreaction D. Atopic reaction E. Type II hypersensitivity reaction 2. During surgical manipulations a patient has been given novocaine injection for anesthesia. 10 minutes later the patient developed paleness, dyspnea, hypotension. What type of allergic reaction is it? A. Anaphylactic immune reaction B. Cellulotoxic immune reaction C. Aggregate immune reaction D. Stimulating immune reaction E. Cell-mediated immune reaction 3. After an immunoassay a child was diagnosed with immunodeficiency of humoral immunity. What is the reason for the primary immunodeficiency development in the child? A. Hereditary abnormality of immune system B. Embryonal development abnormalities C. Pathometabolism in mother’s organism D. Immune responsiveness and resistance disorders E. Toxic damage of B-lymphocytes 2012 1. A man with a long-term history of bronchial asthma died from asphyxia. Histological examination of his lungs revealed that the lumens of bronchioles and minor bronchi contained a lot of mucus with some eosinophils. There was also sclerosis of interalveolar septa, dilatation of alveole lumens. What mechanism accounts for the development of hypersensitivity reaction? A. Reagine reaction B. Cytotoxic reaction C. Immune complex reaction D. Lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis E. Granulomatosis 2. A 10 year old child had the mantoux tuberculin test administered. 48 hours later a papule up to 8 mm in diameter appeared on the site of the injection. What type of hypersensitivity reaction developed after the tuberculin injection? A. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction B. Arthus phenomenon C. Seroreaction D. Atopic reaction E. Type II hypersensitivity reaction 4. A patient has been diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis that developed after he had had streptococcal infection. It is most likely that the affection of basal glomerular membrane is caused by an allergic reaction of the following type: A. Immune complex B. Anaphylactic C. Cytotoxic D. Delayed E. Stimulating 5. The immunoblot detected gp120 protein in the blood serum. This protein is typical for the following disease: A. HIV-infection B. Virus B hepatitis C. Tuberculosis D. Syphilis E. Poliomyelitis 6. HIV has gp41 and gp120 on its surface interacts with target cells of an organism. Which of the following human lymphocyte antigens is gp120 complementary bound with? A. CD 4 B. CD 3 C. CD 8 D. CD 19 E. CD 28 7. Examination of a child who frequently suffers from infectious diseases revealed that IgG concentration in blood serum was 10 times less than normal, IgA and IgM concentration was also signifi- cantly reduced. Analysis showed also lack of B-lymphocytes and plasmocytes. What disease are these symptoms typical for? A. Bruton’s disease B. Swiss-type agammaglobulinemia C. Dysimmunoglobulinemia D. Louis-Bar syndrome E. Di George syndrome 2013 1. A child with suspected tuberculosis was given Mantoux test. After 24 hours the site of the allergen injection got swollen, hyperemic and painful. What are the main components that determine such response of the body? A. Mononuclear cells, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines B. Granulocytes, T-lymphocytes and IgG C. Plasma cells, T-lymphocytes and lymphokines D. B-lymphocytes, IgM E. Macrophages, B-lymphocytes and monocytes 2. A child entering the school for the first time was given Mantoux test in order to determine if there was a need for revaccination. The reaction was negative. What is the meaning of this test result? A. No cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis B. Availability of cell-mediated immunity to tuberculosis C. No antibodies to the tuberculosis bacteria D. No anti-toxic immunity to tuberculosis E. Presence of antibodies to the tuberculosis bacteria 3. A child cut his leg with a piece of glass while playing and was brought to the clinic for the injection of tetanus toxoid. In order to prevent the development of anaphylactic shock the serum was administered by Bezredka method. What mechanism underlies this method of desensitization of the body? A. Binding of IgE fixed to the mast cells B. Blocking the mediator synthesis in the mast cells C. Stimulation of immune tolerance to the antigen D. Stimulation of the synthesis of antigenspecific IgG E. Binding of IgE receptors to the mast Cells 4. 10 days after having quinsy caused by beta-hemolytic streptococcus a 6- year-old child exhibited symptoms of glomerulonephritis. What mechanism of glomerular lesion is most likely in this case? A. Immunocomplex B. Cellular cytotoxicity C. Anaphylaxis D. Atopy E. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis 5. A 22-year-old woman ate some seafood. 5 hours later the trunk and the distal parts of limbs got covered with small itchy papules which were partially fused together. After one day, the rash disappeared spontaneously. Specify the hypersensitivity mechanism underlying these changes: A. Atopy (local anaphylaxis) B. Systemic anaphylaxis C. Cellular cytotoxicity D. Immune complex hypersensitivity E. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis 2014 1. During blood transfusion a patient has developed intravascular erythrocyte hemolysis. What kind of hypersensitivity does the patient have? A. II type (antibody-dependent) B. I type (anaphylactic) C. III type (immune complex) D. IV type (cellular cytotoxicity) E. IV type (granulomatosis) 2. A 30-year-old patient has dyspnea fits, mostly at night. He has been diagnosed with bronchial asthma. What type of allergic reaction according to the Gell-Coombs classification is most likely in this case? A. Anaphylactic B. Cytotoxic C. Stimulating D. Immune complex E. Delayed-type hypersensitivity 3. Parents of 5-year-old child report him o have frequent colds that develop into pneumonias, presence of purulent rashes on the skin. Laboratory tests have revealed the following: absence of immunoglobulins of any type, and naked cells are absent from the lymph nodes punctate. What kind of immune disorder is it? A. X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton type agammaglobulinemia) B. Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinaemia (Swiss type) C. Hypoplastic anemia D. Agranulocytosis E. Louis-Barr syndrome 2015 1. Several minutes after a dentist administered novocaine for local anaesthesia of a patient’s tooth, the following symptoms sharply developed in the patient: fatigue, skin itching. Objectively the following can be observed: skin hyperemia, tachycardia, BP dropped down to 70/40 mm Hg. What kind of allergic reaction is this pathology? 2.A. Anaphylactic B. Cytotoxic C. Stimulating D. Cell-mediated immune reaction E. Immune complex 2. Parents of a 5-year-old boy report him to have frequent colds that develop into pneumonias, presence of purulent rashes on the skin. Laboratory tests have revealed the following: absence of immunoglobulins of any type, and naked cells are absent from the lymph nodes punctate. What kind of immune disorder is it? A. X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton type agammaglobulinemia) B. Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinaemia (Swiss type) C. Hypoplastic anemia D. Agranulocytosis E. Louis-Barr syndrome 2017 1. After sensitization a test animal received subcutaneously a dose of antigen. At the site of injection a fibrinous inflammation deweloped with alteration of vessels wall, basal substance, and fibrous structures of connective tissue. The inflammation took form of mucoid and fibrinoid necrosis. What immune response occurred in the test animal? A. Delayed-type hypersensitivity B. Transplantation immune reaction C. Normogenic reaction D. Granulomatosis E. Immidiad-type hypersensitivity 2. A 10-year-old child had cat his leg with a glass shard, when playing, and was delivered to the outpatient department to receive anti-tetanus serum. To prevent development of anaphylactic shock the serum was introduced by Bezredka method. This method of organism hyposensitization is based on the following mechanism: A. Binding of mast cell-fixed IgE B. Blocking of mast cell mediators synthesis C. Stimulation of immune tolerance to antigen D. Stimulation of antigen-specific IgG2 E. Stabilization of mast cell membranes 3.A 22-year-old woman ate some seafood. 5 hours later the trunk and the distal parts of limbs got covered with small itchy papules which were partially fused together. After one day, the rash disappeared spontaneously. Specify the hypersensitivity mechanism underlying these changes: A. Atopy (local anaphylaxis) B. Systemic anaphylaxis C. Cellular cytotoxicity D. Immune complex hypersensitivity E. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis 2018 1. A 5-year-old child is diagnosed with Bruton syndrome (X-linked agammaglobulinemia) that manifests itself as severe clinical course of bacterial infection and absence of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells. What changes of immunoglobulin content can be observed in blood serum of the child with immunodeficiency? A. No changes B. Increased IgD, IgE C. Decreased IgD, IgE D. Increased IgA, IgM E. Decreased IgA, IgM Theme: “LOCAL DISORDERS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION”. (Non-auditorium individual work for medical faculty students) Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from the booklets 2011 - 2017 1. A man has suffered multiple bone fractures of his lower extremities during a traffic accident. During transportation to a hospital his condition was further aggravated: blood pressure decreased, there were signs of pulmonary artery embolism. What kind of embolism is the most likely in the given case? A. Air embolism B.Gas embolism C.Thrombembolism D. Fat embolism E. Tissue embolism 2. During the intravenous transfusion of the saline the patient’s condition deteriorated dramatically, and the patient died from asphyxiation. Autopsy revealed acute venous congestion of internal organs with the dramatic right heart dilatation. When the right ventricle was punctured underwater, the bubbles escaped. What pathological process occurred in the patient? A. Air embolism B. Gaseous embolism C. Adipose embolism D. Tissue embolism E. Thromboembolism 3. A student failed to answer all the questions of examination paper correctly. As a result he blushed, felt hot and lost confidence. What type of arterial hyperemia has developed in this case? A. Neurotonic hyperemia B. Neuroparalytic hyperemia C. Metabolic hyperemia D. Pathologic hyperemia E. Postishemic hyperemia 4. A patient with obliterating endarteritis underwent ganglionic sympathectomy. What type of arterial hyperaemia should have developed as a result of the surgery? A. Neuroparalytic B. Neurotonic C. Metabolic D. Functional E. Reactive 5.A 54-year-old female was brought to the casualty department after a car accident. A traumatologist diagnosed her with multiple fractures of the lower extremities. What kind of embolism is most likely to develop in this case? A. Fat B. Tissue C. Thromboembolism D. Gaseous E. Air 6. During intravenous saline transfusion a patient’s condition deteriorated drastically, and the patient died from asphyxiation. Autopsy revealed acute venous congestion of internal organs with sharp right heart dilatation. When the right ventricle was punctured underwater, the bubbles escaped. What pathological process occurred in the patient? A. Air embolism B. Gaseous embolism C. Adipose embolism D. Tissue embolism E. Thromboembolism 7. A 25-year-old patient complains onincreasing pain in his leg muscles occurring during walking and forcing him to make frequent stops. Objectively: skin of legs is pale, no hair-covering, toenails are with trophic changes, no pulsation of pedal arteries. The most probable cause of these changes is: A. Ischemia B. Venous hyperemia C. Arterial hyperemia D. – E. Embolism 8. A 54-year-old female was brought to the casualty department after a car accident. A traumatologist diagnosed her with multiple fractures of the lower extremities. What kind of embolism is most likely to develop in this case? A. Fat B. Tissue C. Thromboembolism D. Gaseous E. Air 9. A 54-year-old woman was brought to the emergency department after a car accident. A traumatologist diagnosed her with multiple fractures of the lower extremities. What kind of embolism is the most likely to develop in this case? A. Thromboembolism B. Air C. Gaseous D. Tissue E. Adipose 10. A patient with chronic heart failure presents with increased blood viscosity. Capillaroscopy detected damage to the vessel walls of the microcirculation system. What disorder is possible in the given case? A. Blood “sludge” phenomenon B. Thrombosis C. Embolism D. Venous hyperemia E. Arterial hyperemia 11. During the exam a student was unable to correctly answer all the questions in his question card, which was accompanied by the reddening of his face and hot sensation. What type of arterial hyperemia did the student develop in this case? A. Pathologic B. Neurotonic C. Metabolic D. Neuroparalytic E. Postischemic 12. A patient with obliterating atherosclerosis has undergone sympathectomy of the femoral artery in the area of femoral triangle. What type of arterial hyperemia was developed in the patient due to this surgery? A. Functional B. Neuroparalytic C. Reactive D. Metabolic E. Neurotonic Theme: “INFLAMMATION”. Testing according system “Krok-I” Tests from the booklet 2018 1. Microscopy of the puncture sample obtained from the inflammation focus of the patient with cutaneosus abscess revealed numerous blood cells of different types. What cells are the first to transfer from vessels to tissues during inflammation ? A. Neutrophils B. Monocytes C. Lymphocytes D. Eosinophilic granulocytes E. Basocytes 2. A 30-year-old man complains of suffocation, heaviness in the chest on the right, general weakness. Body temperature is 38,9oC. Objectively the right side of the chest lags behind the left side during respiration. Pleurocentesis yielded exudate. What is the leading factor of exudation in the patient? A. Increased permeability of the vessel wall B. Increased bl ood pressure C. Hypoproteinemia D. Erythrocyte aggregation E. Decreased resorption of pleural fluid 2011 – 2017 1. A 7-year-old child has acute onset of disease: temperature rise up to 38 C, rhinitis, cough, lacrimation, and large-spot rash on the skin. Pharyngeal mucosa is edematous, hyperemic, with whitis spots in the buccal area. What kind of inflammation caused the changes in the buccal mucosa? A. Serous inflammation B. Catarral inflammation C. Fibrinous inflammation D.Hemorrhagic inflammation E. Suppurative inflammation 2. Blood plasma of a healthy man contains several dozens of proteins. During an illness new proteins can originate, namely the protein of "acute phase". Select such protein from the listed below: A. C-reactive protein B. Prothrombin C. Fibrinogen D. G immunoglobulin E. A immunoglobulin 3. The cellular composition of exudate largely depends on the etiological factor of inflammation. What leukocytes are the first to get into the focus of inflammation caused by pyogenic bacteria? A. Neutrophil granulocytes B. Monocytes C. Myelocytes D. Eosinophilic granulocytes E. Basophils 4. As a result of careless handling of an iron, a 34-year-old female patient has got acute pain, redness, swelling of her right index finger. A few minutes later, there appeared a blister filled with a transparent liquid of strawyellow color. The described changes are a manifestation of the following pathological process: A. Exudative inflammation B. Traumatic edema C. Alternative inflammation D. Proliferative inflammation E. Vacuolar degeneration 5. A 7-year-old child has acute onset of disease: temperature rise up to 38oC, rhinitis, cough, lacrimation, and large-spot rash on the skin. Pharyngeal mucosa is edematous, hyperemic, with whitish spots in the buccal area. What kind of inflammation causes the changes in the buccal mucosa? A. Catarrhal inflammation B. Suppurative inflammation C. Fibrinous inflammation D. Hemorrhagic inflammation E. Serous inflammation 6. Lymphocytes and other cells of our body synthesize universal antiviral agents as a response to viral invasion. Name these protein factors: A. Interferon B. Interleukin - 2 C. Cytokines D. Interleukin - 4 E. Tumor necrosis factor 7. A patient, having suffered a thermal burn, developed painful boils filled with turbid liquid in the skin. What morphological type of inflammation has developed in the patient? A. Serous B. Proliferative C. Croupous D. Granulomatous E. Diphtheritic 8. A 7-year-old child has acute onset of disease: temperature rise up to 38oC, rhinitis, cough, lacrimation, and large-spot rash on the skin. Pharyngeal mucosa is edematous, hyperemic, with whitish spots in the buccal area. What kind of inflammation caused the changes in the buccal mucosa? A. Catarrhal inflammation B. Suppurative inflammation C. Fibrinous inflammation D. Hemorrhagic inflammation E. Serous inflammation 9. Cellular composition of exudate largely depends on the etiological factor of inflammation. What leukocytes are the first to be involved in the focus of inflammation caused by pyogenic bacteria? A. Neutrophil granulocytes B. Monocytes C. Myelocytes D. Eosinophilic granulocytes E. Basophils 10. As a result of careless handling of an iron, a 34-year-old female patient has got acute pain, redness, swelling of her right index finger. A few minutes later, there appeared a blister fi- lled with a transparent liquid of strawyellow color. The described changes are a manifestation of the following pathological process: A. Exudative inflammation B. Traumatic edema C. Alternative inflammation D. Proliferative inflammation E. Vacuolar degeneration 11. Necrotic focus has appeared on burn, swallowing and red skin. What is the main mechanism of necrobyosis improvement in inflammatory area? A. Secondary alteration B. Primary alteration C. Emigration of leucocytes D. Dyapedesis of erythrocytes E. Fibroblasts proliferation 12. A cook burnt his arm with steam. What substance increased and led to development of redness, edema and painfulness of affected area of skin? A. Lysine B. Histamine C. Thiamine D. Galactosamine E. Glutamine 13. Enlargement and deformation of joints were revealed in a patient with rheumatism. What type of inflammation underlies these changes? A. Alterative B. Proliferative C. Exudative D. Fibrinous E. Hemorrhagic 14. Indicate inflammatory mediators which have to be inhibited for decrease in exudation: A. Catecholamines B. Histamine C. Heparine D. Thromboxan E. Interleukine-1 15. A patient has high body temperature, redness, edema, painfulness on her right forearm. What biological active substances intensify inflammatory reaction? A. Vasopressin B. Prostacyclins C. Phospholipase D D. Proteolysis inhibitors E. Kinins 16. What inflammatory mediator is formed due to limited proteolysis of plasma globulins? A. Histamine B. Leukotriens C. Bradykinin D. Prostaglandins E. Lymphokines\ 17. Fever and increase of antibodies and leukocytes have appeared in animal under experimental modeling of inflammation. What substances conditioned to all these common reactions in inflammation? A. Leukotriens B. Interleukins C. Mineralocorticoids D. Glucocorticoids E. Somatomedins 18. Which of following inflammatory mediators are formed under the influence of lypooxygenases? A. Leukotriens B. Prostaglandins E1, E2 C. Prostacyclins D. Thromboxans E. Thrombocytes activation factor Theme: «DISORDERS OF THERMAL HOMEOSTASIS. FEVER». Testing according system “Krok-I” Tests from the booklet 2018 1. A tumor is detected in one of the regions of the patient’s brain, resulting in the patient’s inability to maintain normal body temperature. What brain structure is damaged? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. Substantia nigra D. Cerebellum E. Striatum 2011-2017 1. After transfusion of 200 ml of blood a patient presented with body temperature rise up to 37, 9oC. Which of the following substances is the most likely cause of temperature rise? A. Interleukin-1 B. Interleukin-2 C. Tumour necrosis factor D. Interleukin-3 E. Interleukin-4 2. A patient has been diagnosed with influenza. His condition became drastically worse after taking antipyretic drugs. His consciousness is confused, AP is 80/50 mm Hg, Ps is 140/m, body temperature droped down to 35, 8oC. What complication developed in this patient? A. Collapse B. Hyperthermia C. Hypovolemia D. Acidosis E. Alkalosis 3. A 25-year-old man has spent a long time in the sun under high air humidity. As a result of it his body temperature rose up to 39oC. What pathological process is it? A. Hyperthermia B. Infectious fever C. Hypothermia D. Noninfectious fever E. Burn disease 4. This year influenza epidemic is characterized by patients’ body temperature vatying from 36,9 C, to 37,9 C. Such fever is called: A. Subfebrile B. Hyperpyretic C. High D. Apyretic E. Moderate 5. The temperature of the ambient environment is 38oC and relative air humidity is 50%. What ways of heat emission provide maintaining a constant temperature of the human body? A. Evaporation B. Radiation C. Heat conduction D. Convection E. Convection and conduction 6.A patient with lobar pneumonia has had body temperature of 39oC with daily temperature fluctuation of no more than 1oC for 9 days. This fever can be characterized by the following temperature curve: A. Persistent B. Hectic C. Remittent D. Hyperpyretic E. Recurrent 7. At the end of the working day a worker of a hot work shop has been delivered to a hospital. The patient complains ona headache, dizziness, nausea, general weakness. Objectively: the patient is conscious, his skin is hyperemic, dry, hot to the touch. Heart rate is of 130/min. Respiration is rapid, superficial. What disorder of thermoregulation is most likely to have occurred in this patient? A. Reduced heat transfer B. Increased heat transfer and reduced heat production C. Increased heat transfer and heat production D. Increased heat production with no changes to the heat transfer E. Reduced heat product 8. Body temperature at the patient with an infection disease was increased to a day 39,5-40,50C and has been kept at this altitude about an hour and then returned to baseline. At which disease does this type of temperature curve occur? A. Malaria B. Tuberculosis C. Influenza D Peritonitis E. Brutselosis 9.In a patient elevation of body temperature takes turns with drops down to normal levels during the day. The rise in temperature is observed periodically once in four days. Specify the type of temperature curve: A. Febris intermittens B. Febris continua C. Febris reccurens D. Febris hectica E. Febris remitens 10. A patient has acute bronchitis. The fever up to 38, 5oC had lasted for a week, presently there is a decrease in temperature down to 37, 0oC. Specify the leading mechanism in the 3rd stage of fever: A. Peripheral vasodilation B. Increased heat production C. Development of chill D. Increased diuresis E. Increased respiratory rate 11.A patient suffers from intermittent fevers and normalizations of body temperature that occur during the day. The temperature rise is observed regularly every fourth day. Specify the type of temperature curve: A. Febris internuttens B. Febris continua C. Febris reccurens D. Febris hectica E. Febris remitens 12. A patient has been diagnosed with influenza. His condition drastically worsened after taking antipyretic drugs. He is unconscious, AP is 80/50 mm Hg, Ps is 140/m, body temperature dropped down to 35, 8oC. What complication developed in this patient? A. Collapse B. Hyperthermia C. Hypovolemia D. Acidosis E. Alkalosis 13. This year influenza epidemic is characterised by patients’ body temperature varying from 36, 9oC to 37, 9oC. Such fever is called: A.Subfebrile B. High C. Hyperpyretic D. Apyretic E. Moderate 14. This year influenza epidemic is characterised by patients’ body temperature varying from 36, 9oC to 37, 9oC. Such fever is called: A. Subfebrile B. High C. Hyperpyretic D. Apyretic E. Moderate 15. A 25 year old man has spent a long time in the sun under high air humidity. As a result of it his body temperature rose up to 39oC. What pathological process is it? A Hyperthermia B Infectious fever C Hypothermia D Noninfectious fever E Burn disease 16. After transfusion of 200 ml of blood a patient presented with body temperature rise up to 37,9oC. Which of the following substances is the most likely cause of temperature rise? A Interleukin-1 B Interleukin-2 C Tumour necrosis factor D Interleukin-3 E Interleukin-4 17. At simulation of inflammation of the lower extremity the animal exrerienced raise of the temperature, increase of amount of antibodies and leucocytes in the blood. What substances caused this general reaction of the organism on inflammation? A Interleukin B Glucocorticoid C Mineralcorticoid D Leucotriens E Somatomedins 18. A patients has relapsing fever that is characterized by periods of several days of high temperatures, alternating with periods of normal temperature. This temperature curve is called: A. Febris recurrens B. Febris hectica C. Febris intermittens D. Febris continua E. Febris atypica 19. Body temperature at the patient with an infection disease was increased to a day 39,5-40,50C and has been kept at this altitude about an hour and then returned to baseline. What type of temperature curve described in this case? A. Remittent B. Constant C. Intermittens D. Hectica E. Atypical 2018 1. A patient with heatstroke was delivered to the admission room. What compensatory reactions develop in the patient’s body in such case? A. Peripheral vasodilatation B. Coronary vasospasm C. Increased heart rate D. Persistent hyperglycemia E. Peripheral vasoconstriction 2017-2008 1. Acute general disorders are observed at long-term action of environmental high temperature on the organism. What is the base of this phenomenon? A. Cardiac insufficiency B. Increase of body temperature C. Dehydration D. Intoxication E. Hypoxia 2. A patient due to along-term work in the apartament in the condition of hot microclimate the body temperature rose considerably. The state became wors till evening: temperature of body 40°C, there was stupor, pallor of the skin, bleeding from the nose. Arterial pressure was 80/50 mmHg. What extremal state is observed in a patient? A. Thermal shock B. Hemorrhagic shock C. Hyperthermal coma D. Cardiogenoc shock E. Hyperthermal collaps Theme: ALIMENTARY STARVATION Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from booklet 2018 A patient with exacerbated burn has developed esophagus stenosis. The patient presents with acute weight loss due to problematic food intake. Blood test: erythrocyte.-3,0х1012/l, Hb-106 g/l, total protein - 57 g/l. What type of starvation does patient suffer from? A. Absolute starvation B. Protein starvation C. Water starvation D. Incomplete starvation E. Complete starvation 2011-2017 1. When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect calorimetry the following results were obtained:1000 ml oxygen consumption and 800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The man under examination has the following respiratory coefficient: A. 0,8 B. 1,25 C. 0,9 D. 0,84 E. 1,0 2. There is only one source of water for the body at absolute starvation - a process of organic compounds oxidation. Which of the following substances in these conditions is the main source of endogenous water? A. Fats B. Proteins C. Carbohydrates D.Glycoproteins E. Lipoproteins 3. Negative nitrogen balance, hypoproteinemia, violation of water-solt metabolism combined with normal function of digestive system were founded at the vegetarians. Name the reason of this state. A. Monotonous protein diet B. Monotonous carbohydrate diet C. Lack of unsaturated fatty acids D. Deficiency of phospholipids in the food E. Lack of vitamin E in the food 4. At 10th day of medical starvation the patient suffers from excitation, deep, noisy breathing, blood pressure dropped to 90/60 mmHg, oligouria, urine with a smell of acetone. Name the reason of this state. A. Ketosis B. Non-gas alkalosis C. Hyperglicemia D. Hypoglycemia E. Gas acidosis 5. Esophagus stenosis developed at a patient after a chemical burn. Sharp weight loss arised. In the blood: erythrocyte.-3,0х1012/l, Hb-106 g/l, whole [crude] protein - 57 g/l. What type of starvation developed at a patient? A. Absolute B. Albumen C. Water D. Incomplete E. Complete 6. To lose some weight a woman has been limiting the amount of products in her diet. 3 months later she developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What dietary component deficiency is the cause of this? A. Fats B. Vitamins C. Carbohydrates D. Minerals E. Proteins Theme «PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE GROWTH. TUMOURS». Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from booklets 2011-2017 1.A female patient has been diagnosed with cervical erosion, which is a precancerous pathology. What defense mechanism can prevent the development of a tumor? A. Increase in natural killer level (NKcells) B. High-dose immunological tolerance C. Increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes D. Simplification of the antigenic structure of tissues E. Low-dose immunological tolerance 2. A patient died of cancerous cachexia with primary localization of cancer in the stomach. Autopsy revealed acutely enlarged liver with uneven surface and numerous protruding nodes; the nodes had clear margins in the section, rounded shape, gray-pink color, varying density, sometimes contained necrotic foci. Histologically: there are atypical cells in the nodes. What pathologic process occurred in the liver? A. Cancer metastases B. Abscesses C. Regeneratory nodes D. Infarction E. Hepatic cancer 3. Lung cancer developed at the patient who smoked tobacco for a long time. What of the carcinogens contained in tobacco smoke and concern to PAH? A. Benzpiren B. Dymethylaminoazobenzol C. β - naphthylamin D. Diethylnitrozamin E. Ortoaminoazotoluol 4. There is high stage of interaction between lung cancer and tobacco smoking. What chemical carcinogen is contained in tobacco smog? A. 3,4-benspyren B. Orhtoaninotoluol C. Aphlatoxin D. Methylcholatren E. Dyethylnitrosamine 5. Patient, 62 years old, a fireman, complains ongeneral weakness, sudden weight loss, husky voice, shortness of breathing, dry cough. Laryngeal tumor that germinates vocal cords and epiglottis was discovered at laryngoscopy. Name the most likely cause of the tumor in this patient: A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons B. Nitrosamines C. Aromatic amine and amides D. Retrovirus E. Ionizing radiation 6. In a patient with metastases of lung carcinoma introduction of cytostatics led to suspension of metastases growth at first but later metastases resumed spread. What is the most possible mechanism of secondary growth of metastases? A. Absence of contact braking B. Absence of Heiflik’s limit C. Rise of genetic heterogeneity of tumor cells D. Increased glucose consumption by tumour E. Increased amino acids consumption by tumour 7. A 56-years-old patient, who had contact with diethylnitrozamine at his work place, complains onpain in right subcostal area, weakness, loss of appetite, and decreased workability. At examination of this patient: surface of his liver is rough, splenomegaly and ascites are present in him; his body temperature is 37.2oC; in his blood analysis ESR is 25 mm/hour, besides neutrophilic leukocytosis, and hypochromic anemia were found. What disease developed in the patient’s organism? A. Cancer of liver B. Hepatitis C. Cirrhosis of liver D. Gallstone disease E. Dyskinesia of bile ducts 9. Malignant tumor of lung was diagnosed in a patient. What feature of tumour growth testifies its malignancy? A. Infiltrative growth B. Unregulated growth C. Unlimited growth D. Expansive growth E. Appearance from one cell 10. What biological process augmentation is typical for tumor cells? A. Anaerobic glycolysis B. Decarboxilation C. Tissue respiration D. Lipolysis E. Gluconeogenesis 11. In 1910 Rhauss managed to cause sarcoma in chickens by cell-free infiltrate inserting. What was the method of experimental modeling? A. Induction B. Explantation C. Isotransplantation D. Homotransplantation E. Heterotransplantation 12. A patient with urinary bladder cancer was working in coke factory. What substance was the most probable reason of this pathological condition? A. Naphtylamine B. Dichlorethane C. Vinegar acid D. Alcohol E. Pethroleynic aether 13. They got nitrogenous nitrite to experimental animals. A tumor was developed in 80% of animals. What was the group of cancerogens? A. Nitrosamines B. Aminoasosubstances C. Polycyclic carbohydrates D. Simple chemical substances E. Hormones Theme: PATHOLOGY OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from the booklet 2018 1. A 40-year-old woman with Cushing’s disease presents with steroid diabetes. On biochemical examination she has hyperglycemia and hypochloremia. What process activates in the first place in such patients? A. Gluconeogenesis B. Glycogenolysis C. Glucose reabsorption D. Glucose transportation into a cell E. Glycolysis 2011-2017 Examenation of a 56- year old woman with a history of type I diabetes mellitus revealed a disorder of protein metabolism that is manifested by aminoacidemia in the laboratory blood test values, and clinically be the delayed wound healing and decreased synthesis of antibodies. Which of the following mechanism causes the development of aminoacidemia? A. Increased proteolysis B. Increase in low-density lipoprotein level C. Decrease in the concentration of amino acids in blood D.Albuminosis E. Increase in the oncotic pressure in the blood plasma 2. A woman complains onvisual impairment. Examination revealed obesity in the patient and her fasting plasma glucose level is hyperglycemic. What diabetes complication can cause visual impairment/blindness? A.AtherosclerosisB.Macroangiopathy C.GlomerulopathyD.Microangiopathy E.Neuropathy 4. A patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been administered insulin. After a certain period of time the patient developed fatigue, irritability, excessive sweating. What is the main mechanism of such presentations developing? A. Increased glycogenolysis B. Increased ketogenesis C. Decreased glyconeogenesis D. Increased lipogenesis E. Carbohydrate starvation of the brain 5. A patient with diabetes mellitus suffer from persistently nonhealing surgical wound, which is a sign of disrupted tissue trophism. What is the cause of such disorder? A. Anemia B. Ketonemia C. Disruption of protein metabolism regulation D. Hypoglycemia E. Increased lipid catabolism 6. A 12-year-old teenager has significantly put off weight within 3 months; glucose concentration rose up to 50 millimole/l. He fell into a coma. What is the main mechanism of its development? A. Hyperosmolar B. Hypoglycemic C. Ketonemic D. Lactacidemic E. Hypoxic 7. The patient with complaints of permanent thirst applied to the doctor. Hyperglycemia, polyuria and increased concentration of 17-ketosteroids in the urine were revealed. What disease is the most likely? A. Steroid diabetes B. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus C. Myxoedema D. Type I glycogenosis E. Addison’s disease 8.Before the cells can utilize the glucoze, it is first transported from the extracellular space through the plasmatic membrane inside theml. This process is stimulated by the following hormone: A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Thyroxin D. Aldosterone E. Adrenalin 9.A 60-year-old male patient has a 9-year history of diabetes and takes insulin Semilente for the correction of hyperglycemia. 10 days ago he began taking anaprilin for hypertension. One hour after administration of the antihypertensive drug the patient developed hypoglycemic coma. What is the mechanism of hypoglycemia in case of anaprilin use? A. Inhibition of glycogenolysis B. Reduction of glucagon half-life C. Increase of insulin Semilente half-life D. Increase of bioavailability of insulin Semilente E. Decrease in glucose absorption 10.A female patient complains onvision impairment. On examination she was found to have obesity, fasting hyperglycemia. What complication of diabetes can cause vision impairment? A. Microangiopathy B. Macroangiopathy C. Atherosclerosis D. Neuropathy E. Glomerulopathy 11. According to the results of glucose tolerance test, the patient has no disorder of carbohydrate tolerance. Despite that, glucose is detected in the patients’s urine (5 mmol/l). The patient has been diagnosed with renal diabetes. What renal changes cause glucosuria in this case? A. Decreased activity of glucose reabsorption enzymes B. Increased activity of glucose reabsorption enzymes C. Exceeded glucose reabsorption threshold D. Increased glucose secretion E. Increased glucose filtration 12. Examination of a 56-year-old female patient with a history of type 1 diabetes revealed a disorder of protein metabolism that is manifested by aminoacidemia in the laboratory blood test values, and clinically by the delayed wound healing and decreased synthesis of antibodies. Which of the following mechanisms causes the development of aminoacidemia? A. Increased proteolysis B. Albuminosis C. Decrease in the concentration of amino acids in blood D. Increase in the oncotic pressure in the blood plasma E. Increase in low-density lipoprotein Level 13. Prior to glucose utilization in cells it is transported inside cells from extracellular space through plasmatic membrane. This process is stimulated by the following hormone: A. Insulin B. Glucagon C. Thyroxin D. Aldosterone E. Adrenalin 14. According to the results of glucose tolerance test a patient has no disorder of carbohydrate tolerance. Despite that glucose is detected in the patients’s urine (5 mmol/l). The patient has been diagnosed with renal diabetes. What renal changes cause glucosuria in this case? A. Decreased activity of glucose reabsorption enzymes B. Increased activity of glucose reabsorption enzymes C. Exceeded glucose reabsorption threshold D. Increased glucose secretion E. Increased glucose filtration 15. A woman complains onvisual impairment. Examination revealed obesity in the patient and her fasting plasma glucose level is hyperglycemic. What diabetes complication can cause visual impairment/blindness? A. Microangiopathy B. Macroangiopathy C. Atherosclerosis D. Neuropathy E. Glomerulopathy 16. A 15-year-old patient has fasting plasma glucose level 4,8 mmol/l, one hour after glucose challenge it becomes 9,0 mmol/l, in 2 hours it is 7,0 mmol/l, in 3 hours it is 4,8 mmol/l. Such parameters are characteristic of: A. Subclinical diabetes mellitus B. Diabetes mellitus type 1 C. Diabetes mellitus type 2 D. Healthy person E. Cushing’s disease 17. A comatose patient was taken to the hospital. He has a history of diabetes mellitus. Objectively: Kussmaul breathing, low blood pressure, acetone odor of breath. After the emergency treatment the patient’s condition improved. What drug had been administered? A. Insulin B. Adrenaline C. Isadrinum D. Glibenclamide E. Furosemide 18. Examination of a 56-year-old woman with a history of type 1 diabetes revealed a disorder of protein metabolism that is manifested by aminoacidemia in the laboratory blood test values, and clinically by the delayed wound healing and decreased synthesis of antibodies. Which of the following mechanisms causes the development of aminoacidemia? A. Increase in plasma oncotic pressure B. Decrease in concentration of blood amino acids C. Albuminosis D. Increased proteolysis E. Increase in low-density lipoproteins level Theme: VIOLATION of WATER-ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM. Actuality of the theme. Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from the booklet 2018 1. A woman with enteritis accompanied by severe diarrhea presens with loss water in the extracellular space, high water content in the cells and decreasing blood osmolarity. Name this type of waterelectrolyte imbalans? A. Hypoosmolar hypohydration B. Hyperosmolar hypohydration C. Osmolar hypohydration D. Hypoosmolar hyperhydration E. Hyperosmolar hyperhydration 2. A woman with hypophyseal diabetes insipsdus developed a water-mineral imbalans. What type is of water-mineral imbalans develops in such case? A. Hyperosmolar hypohydration B. Hypoosmolar hypohydration C. Osmolar hypohydration D. Hypoosmolar hyperhydration E. Hyperosmolar hyperhydration 2011-2017 1. A concentrated solution of sodium chloride was intravenously injected to an animal. This caused decreased reabsorption of sodium ions in the renal tubules. It is the result of the following changes of hormonal secretion: A. Aldosterone reduction B. Aldosterone increase C. Vasopressin reduction D. Vasopressin increase E. Reduction of atrial natriuretic factor 2. A patient is 44 years old. Laboratory examination of his blood revealed that content of proteins in plasma was 40 g/l. What influence will be exerted on the transcapillary water metabolism? A. Filtration will be increased, reabsorption- decreased B. Both filtration and reabsorption will be increased C. Both filtration and reabsorption will be decreased D. Filtration will be decreased, reabsorption- increased E. Metabolism will stay unchanged 3. A patient with enteritis accompanied by massive diarrhea has low water rate in the extracellular space, high water rate inside the cells and low blood osmolarity. What is such disturbance of waterelectrolytic metabolism called? A. Hypo-osmolar hypohydration B. Hyperosmolar hypohydration C. Osmolar hypohydration D. Hypo-osmolar hyperhydration E. Hyperosmolar hyperhydration 4. A 20 year old patient complains onmorbid thirst and huperdiuresis (up to 10 l daily). Glucose concentration in blood is normal but it is absent in urine. The patient has been diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. What hormonal drug is the most appropriate for management of this disorder? A. Vasopressin B. Cortisol C. Thyroxin D. Oxytocin E. Insulin 5. Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended by blood that resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor upon kidneys: A. Natriuretic hormone B. Aldosterone C. Renin D. Angiotensin E. Vasopressin 6. A 56 year old patient suffering from cardiac insufficiency has edema of feet and shins, edematous skin is pale and cold. What is the leding mechanism of edema pathogenesis? A. Rise of hydrostatic pressure in venules B. Drop of oncotic pessure in capillaries C. Increase of capillary permeability D. Disorder of lymph outflow E. Positive water balance 7. A 49 year old woman spent a lot of time standing. As a result of it she got leg edema. What is the most likely cause of the edema? A. Increase in hydrostatic pressure of blood in veins B. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of blood in veins C. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of blood in arteries D. Increase in oncotic pressure of blood plasma E. Increase in systemic arterial pressure 8. A patient who had been continuously taking drugs blocking the production of angiotensin II developed bradycardia and arrhythmia. A likely cause of these disorders is: A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypernatremia D. Hypocalcemia E. Hypercalcemia 9. A patient with a pathology of the cardiovascular system developed edemata of the lower extremities. What is the mechanism of cardiac edema development? A. Increased hydrostatic pressure at the venous end of the capillary B. Increased oncotic pressure C. Increased hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary D. Reduced osmotic pressure E. Lymph efflux disorder 10. Atria og an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence og the following factor on kidneys: A. Aldosterone B. Natriuretic hormone C. Angiotensin D. Renin E.Vasopressin 11. Upon toxic damage of hepatic cells resulting in disruption of liver function the patient developed edemas. What changes of blood plasma are the main cause of edema development? A. Increase of albumin content B. Decrease of fibrinogen content C. Increase of globulin content D. Decrease of albumin content E. Decrease of globulin content 12. 30 minutes after drinking mango juice a child suddenly developed a local swelling in the area of the soft palate, which impeted swallowing and, eventually, respiration. Mucosa of the swollen area was hyperemic and painless. Blood test revealed moderate eosinophilia. Body temperature was normal. Anamnesis states that the elder sister of the child has been suffering from bronchial asthma attacks. What kind of edema has developed in the child? A. Cardiac B. Inflammatory C. Alimentary D.Allergic E. Hepatic 13. A patient has severe blood loss caused by an injury. What kind of dehydration will be observed in this particular case? A. Iso-osmolar B. Hyposmolar C. Hyperosmolar D. Normosmolar E. – 14. Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased reabsorption of N a+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor on kidneys: A. Natriuretic hormone B. Aldosterone C. Renin D. Angiotensin E. Vasopressin 15. A 50-year-old man, who has been suffering from chronic hepatic failure for several years, has developed ascites. What is the main mechanism of this disorder development? A. Increased pressure in portal vein system B. Decrease of albumin and globulin synthesis in liver C. Increased content of low-density and very low-density lipoproteins in blood D. Neurotoxins appearing in blood E. Increase of blood oncotic pressure 16. Upon toxic damage of hepatic cells resulting in disruption of liver function the patient developed edemas. What changes of blood plasma are the main cause of edema development? A. Decrease of albumin content B. Increase of globulin conten C. Decrease of fibrinogen conten D. Increase of albumin conten E. Decrease of globulin conten 17. Atria of an experimental animal were superdistended with blood, which resulted in decreased reabsorption of Na+ and water in renal tubules. This can be explained by the influence of the following factor on kidneys: A. Natriuretic hormone B. Aldosterone C. Renin D. Angiotensin E. Vasopressin 18. A 50-year-old inpatient during examination presents with glucosuria and blood glucose of 3,0 mmol/l, which are the most likely to be caused by: A. Renal disorder B. Essential hypertension C. Myxedema D. Pellagra E. Diabetes insipidus Theme: “VIOLATION of ACID-BASIC BALANCE”. Testing according system “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from the booklet 2018 1. Ketosis develops in the patients with diabetes mellitus as the result of activation of fatty acids oxidation processes . What acid-base imbalance can result from accumulation of excessive ketone bodies in the blood? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Gaseous alkalosis E. No imbalance occurs 2011 – 2017 1. A patient suffers from disrupted patency of the airways at the level of small and medium-sized bronchial tubes.What changes of acid-base balance can occur in the patient? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Acid-base balance remains unchanged C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis E. Metabolic acidosis 2. A newborn child with pylorostenosis has often repeating vomiting accompanied by apathy, weakness, hypertonicity, sometimes convulsions. What disorder form of acid-base balance is it? A. Nongaseous alkalosis B. Gaseous alkalosis C. Gaseous acidosis D. Metabolic acidosis E. Excretory acidosis 3. An infant has pylorospasm, weakness, hypodynamia, convulsions as a result of frequent vomiting. What kind of acid-base disbalance is it? A. Excretory alkalosis B. Excretory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Exogenous nongaseous acidosis E. Gaseous alkalosis 4.An infant has pylorospasm, weakness, hypodynamia, convulsions as a result of frequent vomiting. What kind of acid-base disbalance is it? A. Excretory alkalosis B. Excretory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Exogenous nongaseous acidosis E. Gaseous alkalosis 5. After taking poor-quality food a patient developed repeated episodes of diarrhea. On the next day he presented with decreased arterial pressure, tachycardia, extrasystol. Blood pH is 7,18. These abnormalities were caused by the development of: A. Nongaseous acidosis B. Gaseous acidosis C. Nongaseous alkalosis D. Gaseous alkalosis E. Metabolic alkalosis 6. A patient with diabetes developed a diabetic coma due to the acid-base imbalance. Specify the kind of this imbalance: A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Gaseous alkalosis E. Non-gaseous alkalosis 7. A patient with respiratory failure has blood pH of 7,35. pCO2 test revealed hypercapnia. Urine pH test revealed an increase in the urine acidity. What form of acid-base imbalance is the case? A. Compensated respiratory acidosis B. Compensated metabolic acidosis C. Decompensated metabolic acidosis D. Compensated respiratory alkalosis E. Decompensated respiratory alkalosis 8. A hypertensive patient had been keeping to a salt-free diet and taking antihypertensive drugs together with hydrochlorothiazide for a long time. This resulted in electrolyte imbalance. What disorder of the internal environment occurred in the patient? A. Hypochloremic alkalosis B. Metabolic acidosis C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypermagnesemia E. Increase in circulating blood volume 9. An infant has pylorospasm, weakness, hypodynamia, convulsions as a result of frequent vomiting. What kind of acid-base disbalance is it? A. Excretory alkalosis B. Excretory acidosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Exogenous nongaseous acidosis E. Gaseous alkalosis 10. A 30-year-old man with diabetes mellitus type I was hospitalised. The patient is comatose. Laboratory tests revealed hyperglycemia and ketonemia. What metabolic disorder can be detected in this patient? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis E. Normal acid-base balance 11. A patient suffers from disrupted patency of the airways at the level of small and medium-sized bronchial tubes. What changes of acid-base balance can occur in the patient? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis E. Acid-base balance remains unchanged 12. A 30-year-old man with diabetes mellitus type I was hospitalized. The patient is comatose. Laboratory tests revealed hyperglycemia and ketonemia. What metabolic disorder can be detected in this patient? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Acid-base balance is normal D. Metabolic acidosis E. Respiratory alkalosis Theme: VIOLATION OF PROTEIN AND LIPID METABOLISM. Tests from booklets “Krok-I” MEDICAL FACULTY Tests from booklet “Krok-I” 2018 1. Patient with bile duct obstruction typically present with inhibited blood clotting and develop hemorrhages due to insufficient assimilation of vitamin: A. A B. K C. E D. D E. C 2. An 8 year old girl presents with signs disturbed twilight vision. this condition is caused by the deficiency of vitamin: A. A B. K C. E D. D E. C 3. A sick child prepents with high content of phenyl pyruvate in urine (normally it is practicalle absent). Blood phenylalanine level is 350mg/L (norm 15mg/l). what disease are these symptoms characteristic of? A. Gout B. Tyrosinosis C. Albinism D. Phenylketonuria E. Alkaptonuria 4. A woman has been limiting the amount of products in her diet to lose some weight. 3 months later she developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What dietare component deficiency is the case of this? A. Vitamins B. Fats C. Carbohydrates D. Proteins E. Minerals 5. A 52-year-old man presents with fever and pain in the joints. Both of his first metatarsophalangeal articulations are deformed, swollen and reddened. Blood urea is high. The patient is diagnosed with gout. What is the main developmental factor in the pathogenesis of this disease? A. Hyperazotemia B. Hyperaminoacidemia C. Citrullinuria D. Hyperuricemy E. Argininosuccinic aciduria 2011-2017 1. A 2-year-old child with mental and physical retardation has been delivered to a hospital. He presents with frequent vomiting after having meals. There is phenylpyruvic acid in urine. Which metabolism abnormality is the reason for this pathology? A. Amino-acid metabolism B. Lipidic metabolism C. Carbohydrate metabolism D. Water-salt metabolism E. Phosphoric calcium metabolism 2. A patient has been diagnosed with alkaptonuria. Choose an enzyme whose deficiency can be the reason for this pathology: A. Homogentisic acid oxidase B. Phenylalanine hydroxylase C. Glutamate dehydrogenase D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase E. Dioxyphenylalanine decarboxylase 3. A patient complains about dyspnea provoked by the physical activity. Clinical examination revealed anaemia and presence of the paraprotein in the zone of gamma-globulins. To confirm the myeloma diagnosis it is necessary to determine the following index in the patient’s urine: A. Bence Jones protein B. Bilirubin C. Haemoglobin D. Ceruloplasmin E. Antitrypsin 4.A 2 year old child with mental and physical retardation has been delivered to a hospital. He presents with frequent vomiting after having meals. There is phenylpyruvic acid in urine. Which metabolism abnormality is the reason for this pathology? A. Amino-acid metabolism B. Lipidic metabolism C. Carbohydrate metabolism D. Water-salt metabolism E. Phosphoric calcium metabolism 5. A 62 year old woman complains onfrequent pain attacks in the area of her chest and backbone, rib fractures. Her doctor suspected myeloma (plasmocytoma). What of the following laboratory characteristics will be of the greatest diagnostic importance? A. Paraproteinemia B. Hyperalbuminemia C. Proteinuria D. Hypoglobulinemia E. Hypoproteinemia 6. Toxic affection of liver results in dysfunction of protein synthesis. It is usually accompanied by the following kind of dysproteinemia: A. Absolute hypoproteinemia B. Relative hypoproteinemia C. Absolute hyperproteinemia D. Relative hyperproteinemia E. Paraproteinemia 7. A 46-year-old female patient consulted a doctor about pain in the small joints of the upper and lower limbs. The joints are enlarged and shaped like thickened nodes. Serum test revealed an increase in urate concentration. This might be caused by a disorder in metabolism of: A. Purines B. Carbohydrates C. Lipids D. Pyrimidines E. Amino acids 8. In case of alkaptonuria, homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in large amounts. The development of this disease is associated with a disorder of metabolism of the following aminoacid: A. Tyrosine B. Phenylalanine C. Alanine D. Methionine E. Asparagine 9. In case of alkaptonuria, homogentisic acid is excreted in urine in large amounts. The development of this disease is associated with metabolic disorder of the following amino acid: A. Tyrosine B. Phenylalanine C. Alanine D. Methionine E. Asparagine 10. A 49-year-old man complains onpain in his metatarsophalangeal joints and joint deformation. In blood hyperuricemy can be observed. X-ray has revealed metatarsophalangeal joint space narrowing, erosion, periarticular calcification of the both joints, osteoporosis. Microscopy has revealed inflammatory granulomatous reaction surrounding necrotizing masses in the area of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Choose the most likely diagnosis: A. Gout (podagra) B. Pyrophosphate arthropathy C. Rheumatoid arthritis D. Hyperparathyroidism E. Urolithiasis 11. A 52-year-old man presents with fever and pain in the joints. Both of his first metatarsophalangeal articulations are deformed, swollen and reddened. Blood urea is high. The patient is diagnosed with gout. What is the main developmental factor in the pathogenesis of this disease? A. Hyperazotemia B. Hyperaminoacidemia C. Citrullinuria D. Hyperuricemy E. Argininosuccinic aciduria 12. During examination of a teenager with xanthomatosis the family history of hypercholesterolemia is revealed. What transportable lipids are increased in concentration in case of such a disease? A. Very low-density lipoproteins B. Intermediate-density lipoproteins C. High-density lipoproteins D. Chylomicrons E. Low-density lipoproteins 13. To lose some weight a woman has been limiting the amount of products in her diet. 3 months later she developed edemas and her diuresis increased. What dietary component deficiency is the cause of this? A. Fats B. Vitamins C. Carbohydrates D. Minerals E. Proteins 14. During regular check-up a child is determined to have interrupted mineralization of the bones. What vitamin deficiency can be the cause? A. Folic acid B. Calciferol C. Tocopherol D. Cobalamin E. Riboflavin Theme: " PATHOLOGY OF RED BLOOD (Determination of globular value)". 2018 1. One of the causes of pernicious anaemia is disturbed synthesis of transferrin - Castle’s intrinsic factor - by the parietal cells of the stomach. What substance is called Castle’s extrinsic factor? A. Folic acid B. Cobalamin C. Biotin D. Riboflavin E. Pyridoxine 2. A patient with hypochromic anaemia has hair with split ends and suffers from hair loss. The nails are brittle. Gustatory sensations are affected. What is the mechanism of development of these symptoms? A. Vitimin B12 deficiency B. Vitamin A deficiency C. Low production of parathyroid hormone D. Low production of thyroid hormones E. Iron enzymes deficiency 3. A woman has come to the hospital with complaints of general weakness, dizziness and dyspnea. Recently she has been taking levomycetin (chloramphenicol) for prevention of enteric infection. Blood test: erythrocytes - 1.9 ・1012/L, haemoglobin - 58 g/L, colour index - 0.9, leukocytes - 2.2 g/L, reticulocytes - 0.3%. What type of anaemia is it indicative of? A. Hemolytic B. Aplastic C. Hypoplastic D. Metaplastic E. Iron-deficiency 2016 1. A 30-year-old patient’s blood test has revealed the following: erythrocyte count is 6x1012/l, hemoglobin is 10,55 mmol/l. Vaquez’s disease was diagnosed. Name the leading part of pathogenesis: A. Neoplastic erythroid hyperplasia B. Iron-deficiency C. B 12 -deficiency D. Hypoxia E. Acidosis 2. A 42-year-old patient complains of pain in the epigastral area, vomiting; vomit masses have the color of coffee-grounds; the patient suffers from melena. Anamnesis records gastric ulcer disease. Blood formula: erythrocytes - 2, 8 · 10 12 /l, leukocytes – 8x109 /l, Hb- 90 g/l. What complication is it? A. Hemorrhage B. Penetration C. Perforation D. Canceration E. Pyloric stenosis 2015 1. A 30-year-old patient’s blood test revealed the following: erythrocyte count is 6х1012/l, hemoglobin is 10,55ммоль/l. Vaquez’s disease was diagnosed. Name the leading part of pathogenesis: Neoplastic erythroid hyperplasia Iron-deficiency B12 -deficiency Hypoxia Acidosis 2. A 27-year-old patient with injury to the neck has lost approximately 30% of the blood volume. The patient’s condition is severe: blood pressure is 60/40 mm Hg, heart rate is 140/min., respiratory rate is 30/min., conscious. Characterize the condition of the patient’s circulatory system: Hypovolemic shock Cardiogenic shock Collapse Coma Arterial hypertension 2005-2014 1. On the fifth day after the acute blood loss a patient has been diagnosed with hypochromic anemia. What is the main mechanism of hypochromia development? A. Release of immature red blood cells from the bone marrow B. Impaired iron absorption in the intestines C. Increased destruction of red blood cells in the spleen D. Impaired globin synthesis E. Increased excretion of body iron 2. In a car accident a man got injured and lost a lot of blood. What changes in peripheral blood are most likely to occur on the 2nd day after the injury? A. Erythropenia B. Hypochromia C. Anisocytosis D. Microplania E. Significant reticulocytosis 3. A 26 year old pregnant woman is under treatment at an in-patient hospital. After a continuous attack of vomiting she was found to have reduced volume of circulating blood. What kind of change in general blood volume is the case? A. Polycythemic hypovolemia B. Simple hypovolemia C. Oligocythemic hypovolemia D. Polycythemic hypervolemia E. Oligocythemic hypervolemia 4. A 38-year-old patient with an uterine haemorrhage lasting for 2 days was delivered to the admission ward.Which of the following will be revealed in the patient’s blood? A. Decrease in the haematocrite index B. Eosinophilia C. Deceleration in ESR D. Leukocytosis E. Increase in the colour index 5. A 32-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with gross bloodloss due to auto accident trauma. Ps – 110 Bpm, RR- 22 pm, BP- 100/60mm Hg. What changes in the blood will occur in an hour after the blood loss? A Hypovolemia B Erythropenia C Hypochromia of erythrocytes D Leukopenia E Hypoproteinemia 6. Examination of a 43 y.o. anephric patient revealed anemia symptoms. What is the cause of these symptoms? A. Reduced synthesis of erythropoietins B. Enhanced destruction of erythrocytes C. Iron deficit D. Vitamin B12 deficit E. Folic acid deficit 7. A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the admission-diagnostic department with uterine bleeding.What are the most likely changes of blood? A. Reduction of haematocrite rate B. Increase of haematocrite rate C. Leukopenia D. Leucocytosis E. Polycythemia 8. In the blood of a 26-year-old man 18%of erythrocytes of the spherical, ballshaped, flat and spinous shape have been revealed. Other eritrocytes were in form of the concavo-concave disks. How is this phenomenon called? A. Physiological poikilocytosis B. Pathological poikilocytosis C. Physiological anisocytosis D. Pathological anisocytosis E. Erytrocytosis 9. A patient’s blood was analyzed and the decreased erythrocyte’s sedimentation rate (ESR) was discovered. What disease from the listed below is accompanied with decreased ESR? A. Polycytemia B. Hepatitis C. Splenomegaly D. Vitamin B deficiency E. Myocardial infarction 10. Patient 54 year-old, 5th day after surgical operation. Blood count: Erythrocytes 3,6x1012/l, Hemoglobin 95 g/l, Erythrocyte’s hemoglobin content (color index) 0,78; Leukocytes 16x109/l, Platelets 450x109/l Blood picture: anizocytosis, poikilocytosis, reticulocytes-3,8%. What anemia does this patient have? A. Acute posthemorragic anemia B. Acquired hemolytic anemia C. Anemia from iron deficiency D. Hypoplastic anemia E. Chronic posthemorragic anemia THEME: PATHOLOGY OF RED BLOOD. (Morphology of blood) 2018 1. One of the causes of pernicious anaemia is disturbed synthesis of transferrin - Castle’s intrinsic factor - by the parietal cells of the stomach. What substance is called Castle’s extrinsic factor? A. Folic acid B. Cobalamin C. Biotin D. Riboflavin E. Pyridoxine 2. A patient with hypochromic anaemia has hair with split ends and suffers from hair loss. The nails are brittle. Gustatory sensations are affected. What is t...